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SCHWARZ, KARL (1812–1885)

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 390 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SCHWARZ, KARL (1812–1885) , See also:German See also:Protestant theologian, was See also:born at Wiek on the Isle of Riigen on the 19th of See also:November 1812. His See also:father, Theodor Schwarz, pastor at Wiek, was well known as a preacher, and as the writer of a number of popular See also:works (parables, romances, &c.) under the See also:pseudonym " Theodor Melas." Karl Schwarz pursued the study of See also:theology and See also:philosophy at See also:Halle, and afterwards at See also:Bonn (1831) and See also:Berlin (1832–1834). At Berlin he came under the See also:influence of See also:Schleiermacher and See also:Hegel, whose influences are seen in his See also:work Das Wesen der See also:Religion (1847). In 1837 he was imprisoned for six months on See also:account of his advanced See also:political opinions. After his See also:release he helped (from 1838) with the Hallische Jahrbucher. From 1843–1845 he lectured at Halle, and was then suspended by the See also:government.. In 1849, however, he was appointed See also:professor extraordinarius, and later received a number of distinctions (in 1858 See also:chief See also:court preacher, &c.). Schwarz took an important See also:part in the See also:founding and directing of the German See also:Protestantenverein,`and became an eminent exponent of liberal theology. His work Zur Geschichte der neuesten Theologie (1856, 4th ed. 1869) is a valuable source for the See also:history of theology in See also:Germany. His other works include See also:Lessing als Theologe (1854) and Grundriss der christi. Lehre (1873, 5th ed.

1876). He died on the 25th of See also:

March 1885. In his memory a Karl-Schwarz-stiftung was founded in connexion; with the theological See also:faculty at See also:Jena. See G. Rudloff, Karl Schwarz (1887); F. See also:Hummel, Oie Bedeutung der Schrift von Karl Schwarz: Ober das Wesen der Religion (189o); and See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie. SCHWARZBURG-See also:RUDOLSTADT, a principality of Germany, an See also:independent member of the German See also:empire, and one of the Thuringian states (see THURINGIA). It shares with Schwarzburg-See also:Sondershausen the possessions ~f tv old See also:house of Schwarzburg,consisting of the upper See also:barony (Oberherrschaft) in Thuringia, on the See also:Gera, Ilm and See also:Saale, and the See also:lower barony (Unlerherrschaft), an isolated See also:district on the Wipper and Helbe, about 25 M. to the See also:north, surrounded by the Prussian See also:province of See also:Saxony. As the dignity of See also:prince is held in virtue of the Oberherrschaft alone, a See also:share of both baronies was given to each sub-See also:line of the See also:main house. The See also:total See also:area of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt is 363 sq. m., of which 283 are in the upper and 8o in the lower barony; the chief towns in the former district are Rudolstadt (pop. 12,500 in 1905), the See also:capital, and See also:Blankenburg (2000), and in the latter See also:Frankenhausen (6374). Both baronies are hilly, the highest See also:elevation being attained in the Grossfarmdenkopf, 2900 ft.

The scenery of the Thuringian portion of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt attracts many visitors annually, the most beautiful spots being the See also:

gorge of the Schwarza and the lovely circular valley in which the See also:village of Schwarzburg nestles at the See also:foot of a curiously isolated See also:hill, crowned by the See also:ancient See also:castle of the princely line. See also:Cattle-rearing and See also:fruit-growing flourish in the lower barony, while the upper barony is finely wooded. Of the whole See also:country 44% is under See also:forest (mainly coniferous trees), and 5o% is devoted to See also:agriculture and pasture. The chief See also:grain crops are See also:rye, oats, See also:barley and potatoes. See also:Great See also:attention is paid to poultry farming and See also:bee-keeping, and the exports from these See also:sources are considerable. About 14% of the See also:population are engaged in agriculture and forestry, 21% in See also:mining and cognate See also:industries. See also:Trade and manufactures are insignificant; See also:iron, See also:lignite, See also:cobalt, See also:alum and See also:vitriol are among the See also:mineral productions. In 1905 the population was 96,835 or about 265 to the square mile. Nearly all these were Protestants. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt is a limited hereditary See also:monarchy, its constitution resting on See also:laws of 1854 and 1870. A See also:diet has met at intervals since 1816, and is now entitled to be summoned every three years. The See also:present diet consists of sixteen members elected for three years, four chosen by the highest assessed taxpayers, the others by See also:general See also:election.

The troops of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt have been incorporated with the Prussian See also:

army since the See also:convention of 1867. The principality has one See also:vote in the Reichstag and one in the federal See also:council. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt is the See also:cadet See also:branch of the house of Schwarzburg, descended from Albrecht VII. (16o5). In 1710 the See also:count was made a prince, in spite of the remonstrances of the elector of Saxony, although he was prevented from taking his seat in the imperial See also:college at See also:Regensburg until 1754. The principality entered the See also:Confederation of the See also:Rhine in 1807 and the German See also:League in 1815. In 1819 it redeemed the Prussian claims of superiority by surrendering portions of its territory. See See also:Sigismund, Landeskunde See also:des Fiirstenlums Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (2 vols., Rudolstadt, 1862-1863). SCHWARZBURG-SONDERSHAUSEN, a principality of Germany, and constituent See also:state of the German empire. It shares the old Schwarzburg lands with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. In general it may be said that while Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt forms the See also:southern, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen occupies the See also:northern portion of the lands once divided between them. The total area of the principality is 333 sq. m., of which 133 are in the upper and 200 in the lower barony.

The chief towns are See also:

Arnstadt (pop. 16,275 in (905), which at one See also:time gave name to a line of See also:counts, '.n the southern, and Sondershausen (7425), the capital, in the northern (or upper) barony. The general description of the nature and resources of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt applies also to this principality, except that 62% of the whole is devoted to agriculture and pasture and 30% to forests, only about two-fifths of which are coniferous trees. The chief crops are oats, barley, See also:wheat and rye, but by far the most See also:land is planted with potatoes. About 15% of the population are supported by agriculture and forestry, and about 18 % by mining and cognate industries. The industries are varied, and in some branches, notably gloves (at Arnstadt), See also:glass, sausages and See also:sugar-refining, considerable. In 1905 the population was 85,152, or about 245 to the square mile. Almost all of these were Protestants. Schwarzburg-Sondershausen is a limited hereditary monarchy, its constitution resting on a See also:law of 1857. The diet consists of five representatives elected by the highest taxpayers, five by general election, and five nominated for See also:life by the prince. The first ten members are elected for four years, which is also the See also:financial See also:period. There is a See also:ministry with five departments—for the prince's See also:household, domestic affairs, See also:finance, churches and See also:schools, and See also:justice.

The See also:

budget for the years 1908-1911 estimates the income at £164,440 and the See also:expenditure at the same. The state See also:debt in 1909 was £167,970. The troops of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen have been incorporated with the Prussian army by convention since 1867. The principality has one vote in the Reichstag and one in the federal council. The house of Schwarzburg is one of the See also:oldest and noblest in Germany; and tradition traces its descent from See also:Widukind and the See also:kings of the See also:Franks. Its See also:historical ancestors were the counts of Kafernburg, from whom the counts of Schwarzburg sprang about the beginning of the 13th See also:century. The name See also:Gunther became the distinctive name for the members of this house (corresponding to Heinrich in the See also:Reuss See also:family), the various Gunthers being at first distinguished by See also:numbers and afterwards by prefixed names. Various subdivisions and See also:collateral lines were formed, but by 1599 all were See also:extinct but the present two. Count Gunther XL., who died in 1552, was the last See also:common ancestor of both lines. Schwarzburg-Sondershausen is the See also:senior line, although its possessions are the smaller. In 1697 the a unt was raised to the dignity of imperial prince by the See also:emperor See also:Leopold I. The prince had to pay 7000 thalers to the elector of Saxony and 3500 to the See also:duke of See also:Saxe-See also:Weimar, and numerous disputes arose in connexion with the superiorities thus indicated.

In 1807 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen entered the Confederation of the Rhine and became a See also:

sovereign state. In 1816 it joined the German League, and redeemed with portions of its territory all rights of superiority claimed by See also:Prussia. Its domestic government has gradually, though not very quickly, improved since that time—the oppressive See also:game-laws in particular having been abolished. A treaty of mutual See also:succession'was made between the two families in 1713. Prince See also:Charles Gunther succeeded on the 17th of See also:July 1880, his father having on account of See also:eye disease renounced the See also:throne in favour of his son. By a law, promulgated in 1896, Sizzo, prince of Leutenberg, was recognized as the See also:heir-presumptive to this principality and, by treaty with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, to that principality also. See Apfelstedt, Heimatskunde des Furstentums Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (Sondersh., 1854-1857); Irmisch, Beitrage zur schwarzburgischen Heimatskunde (Sondersh., 1905-1906).

End of Article: SCHWARZ, KARL (1812–1885)

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