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form of the latter contrasting strangely with the jagged or rounded outlines of the former. Near the margin, overlying the sandstones, there are beds of See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone with remains of recent molluscs, pointing, like the raised beaches which occur elsewhere, to an upward See also:

MOVEMENT

movement of the coasts. Lacustrine deposits up to 700 ft. above the See also:

PRESENT

present lake-level have been discovered. Geologically, the lake is believed to be of no great See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, a view supported by topographical See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence. The See also:

DEPTH

depth of the lake seems to vary in accordance with the steepness of the shores, increasing from south to north. The greater See also:

PART

part of the northern half shows depths of over 200 fathoms, while a maximum of 430 fathoms was obtained by Mr. J.

E. S. See also:

Moore in 1899, off the high western See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast in about 11° 40' S. A more See also:

COMPLETE

complete See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of soundings, however, since made by Lieut. Rhoades, and published in the See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical See also:

Journal in 1902, gives a maximum of 386 fathoms off the same coast in II° to' S. The lake receives its See also:

WATER

water-See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply chiefly from the streams which descend from the mountains to the north, all the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest becoming very small in the dry See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season. Like other lakes of Central Africa it is subject to fluctuations of level, apparently caused by alternations of dry and wet series of years. At the north-western end is a See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of great fertility, traversed by the Kivira, Songwe and other streams, rising either among the volcanic masses to the north or on the western See also:

plateau. Just north of ta° S. on the See also:

DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta of the Rukuru, is the See also:

BRITISH

British station of Karonga, the northern See also:

PORT

port of See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call for the lake steamers, though with. but an open roadstead. Southwards the plain narrows, and in about tor S. the See also:

SANDSTONE

sandstone scarp of See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

Waller rises sheer above the indentation of See also:

Florence See also:

Bay, the high western plateaus continuing to fall steeply to the water in wooded cliffs for more than 8o m. In this stretch occur the See also:

LAND

land-locked bays of Ruarwe (II° 5' S.) and Nkata (11° 36' S.), and the mouth of the Rukuru (to° 43' S)., which drains the plateau from south to north. At Cape Chirombo (I 1 ° 4o' S.) the coast bends to the west, and soon the plateau escarpments recede, and are separated from the lake along its southern half by an undulating plain of varying width.

In I I ° 56' S. is the British station of Bandawe, and in 12° 55' that of Kota Kota, on a lake-like inlet, forming a sheltered See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour. A little north of the latter the Bua See also:

RIVER

river, coming from a remote source on the upper plateau, enters by a projecting delta. At Domira Bay, in 13° 35', the coast turns suddenly See also:

east, contracting the lake to a comparatively narrow See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, with the British stations of Fort Rifu on the west, and Fort Maguire, near the headland of Makanjira Point, on the east. Beyond this the lake runs southwards into two bays separated by a granitoid See also:

peninsula, off which See also:

lie several small rocky islands. On this peninsula was placed the See also:

MISSION

mission station of Livingstonia, the first to be established on the shores of Nyasa. From the extremity of the eastern bay the See also:

SHIRE

Shire makes its exit to the See also:

ZAMBEZI

Zambezi. On the eastern See also:

side the plateau escarpments keep generally See also:

close to the lake, leaving few plains of any extent along its shores. The See also:

crest of the eastern water-See also:

SHED

shed runs generally parallel to the See also:

SHORE

shore, which it approaches in places within 20 m. From the north point to to° 3o' S. the coast is formed by the unbroken See also:

wall of the See also:

LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873)

Livingstone or Kinga range, rising where highest (9° 41' S.) fully 6000 ft. above the water. On this coast, on a projecting See also:

SPIT

spit of land, is the See also:

German station of Old Langenburg, some to m. from the northern extremity. In lo° 3o' the plateau is broken by the valley of the Ruhuhu, the only important stream which enters the lake from the east. The formation is here sandstone, corresponding to that of Mount Waller on the opposite shore.

Just north of the Ruhuhu is the German station of Wiedhafen, on an excellent harbour, formerly Amelia Bay. South of the Ruhuhu the wall of mountains recedes somewhat, and the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the eastern shore shows a variation between rocky cliffs, marshy plains of restricted area and See also:

groups of See also:

low hills. In 11° 16' is the deep inlet of Mbampa Bay, offering a sheltered See also:

ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor-age. South of it the coast forms a wide semicircular bay, generally See also:

rock-See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound, and ending south in Maio Point (I2° to' S.), off which are the largest islands the lake possesses, Likoma and Chisamulu, the former measuring about 4 m. by 3. In the southern half the coast is highest in about 13° to' S., where the Mapangi hills rise to 3000ft. Nyasa, reached in 1859 both by See also:

David Livingstone (from the south) and by the German traveller Albrecht See also:

ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher (from the east), was explored by the former to about >°, and to its See Proc. R.G.S. (1883), p. 689; Geogr. Journal, vol. xii. p. 58o; J. E.

S. Moore, ib. vol. x. p. 289, and " The See also:

GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology of Nyasaland," by A. R. See also:

Andrew and T. E. G. See also:

Bailey, with See also:

note on fossil See also:

PLANTS

plants, See also:

fish remains, &c., by E. A. N. See also:

ARBER, EDWARD (1836– )

Arber and others and bibliography in vol. 66 of Quart.

Jnl. Geog. Society (May 1910). (E.

End of Article: NYASA

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