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LIBERIA
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LIBERIA , a See also:negro See also:republic in See also:West See also:Africa, extending along the See also:coast of See also:northern See also:Guinea about 300 m., between the See also:British See also:colony of Sierra Leone on the N.W. and the See also:French colony of the See also:Ivory Coast on the S.E. The westernmost point of Liberia (at the mouth of the See also:river Mano) lies in about 6° 55' N. and 11° 32' W. The southernmost point of Liberia, and at the same See also:time almost its most eastern See also:extension, is at the mouth of the Cavalla, beyond Cape Palmas, only 4° 22' N. of the See also:equator, and in about 70 33' W. The width of Liberia inland varies very considerably; it is greatest, about 200 m., from N.E. to S.W. The Liberia-Sierra Leone boundary was determined by a frontier See also:commission in 1903. Commencing at the mouth of the river Mano, it follows the Mano up stream till that river cuts ro° 40' W. It then followed this See also:line of See also:longitude to its intersection with N. See also:latitude 90 6', but by the Franco-Liberian understanding of 1907 the frontier on this See also:side was withdrawn to 8° 25' N., where the river Makona crosses ro° 40' W. The Liberian frontier with the adjacent French possessions was defined by the Franco-Liberian treaty of 1892, but as the See also:definition therein given was found to be very difficult of reconciliation with See also:geographical features (for in 1892 the whole of the Liberian interior was unmapped) further negotiations were set on See also:foot. In 1905 Liberia proposed to See also:France that the boundary line should follow the river See also:Moa from the British frontier of Sierra Leone up stream to near the source of the Moa (or Makona), and that from this point the boundary should run eastwards along the line of See also:water-parting between the See also:system of the See also:Niger on the See also:north and that of the coast See also:rivers (Moa, Lola, St See also:Paul's) on the See also:south, until the 8th degree of N. latitude was reached, thence following this 8th degree eastwards to where it cuts the See also:head stream of the Cavalla river. From this point the boundary between France and Liberia would be the course of the Cavalla river from near its source to the See also:sea. Within the limits above described Liberia would possess a See also:total See also:area of about 43,000 to 45,000 sq. m. But after deliberation and as the result of certain " frontier incidents " France modified her See also:counter-proposals in 1907, and the actual definition of the northern and eastern frontiers of Liberia is as follows: Starting from the point on the frontier of the British colony of Sierra Leone where the river Moa or Makona crosses that frontier, the Franco-Liberian frontier shall follow the See also:left See also:bank of the river Makona up stream to a point 5 kilometres to the south of the See also:town of Bofosso. From this point the frontier shall leave the line of the Makona and be carried in a south-easterly direction to the source of the most northwesterly affluent of the Nuon river or Western Cavalla. This line shall be so See also:drawn as to leave on the French side of the boundary the following towns: Kutumai, Kisi Kurumai, Sundibu, Zuapa, Nzibila, Koiama, Bangwedu and Lola. From the north-westernmost source of the Nuon the boundary shall follow the right bank of the said Nuon river down stream to its presumed confluence with the Cavalla, and thenceforward the right bank of the river Cavalla down to the sea. If the ultimate destination of the Nuon is not the Cavalla river, then the boundary shall follow the right bank of the Nuon down stream as far as the town of Tuleplan. A line shall then be drawn from the See also:southern outskirts of the town of Tuleplan due E. to the Cavalla river, and thence shall follow the right bank of the Cavalla river to the sea. (The delimitation commission proved that the Nuon does not flow into the Cavalla, but about 6° 30' N. it flows very near the north-westernmost See also:bend of that river. Tuleplan is in about See also:lat. 6° 50' N. The river Makona takes a much more northerly course than had been estimated. The river Nuon also is situated 20 or 30 M. farther to the See also:east than had been supposed. Consequently the territory of Liberia as thus demarcated is rather larger than it would appear on the uncorrected See also:English maps of 1907—about 41,000 sq. m.) It is at the southern extremity of Liberia, Cape Palmas, that the West See also:African coast from See also:Morocco to the southernmost extremity of Guinea turns somewhat abruptly eastwards and northwards and faces the Gulf of Guinea. As the whole coastline of Liberia thus fronts the sea route from See also:Europe to South Africa it is always likely to possess a certain degree of strategical importance. The coast, however, is unprovided with a single See also:good See also:harbour. The anchorage at Monrovia is safe, and with some See also:expenditure of See also:money a smooth harbour could be made in front of See also:Grand Basa. Coast Features.—The coast is a good See also:deal indented, almost all the headlands projecting from north-east to south-west. A good dealof the seaboard is dangerous by See also:reason of the See also:sharp rocks which See also:lie near the See also:surface. As most of the rivers have rapids or falls actually at the sea coast or See also:close to it, they are, with the exception of the Cavalla, uselegs for penetrating far inland, and the whole of this See also:part of Africa from Cape Palmas north-west to the See also:Senegal suggests a sunken See also:land. In all See also:probability the western See also:projection of Africa was connected by a land See also:bridge with the opposite land of See also:Brazil as See also:late as the See also:Eocene See also:period of the See also:Tertiary* See also:epoch. The Liberian coast has few lagoons compared with the adjoining littoral of Sierra Leone or that of the Ivory Coast. The coast, in fact, rises in some places rather abruptly from the sea. Cape See also:Mount (on the northern side of which is a large See also:lagoon—Fisherman See also:Lake) at its highest point is 1050 ft. above sea level. Cape Mesurado is about 350 ft., Cape Palmas about 200 ft. above the sea. There is a See also:salt lake or lagoon between the Cape Palmas river and the vicinity of the Cavalla. Although very little of the coast See also:belt is actually swampy, a See also:kind of natural canalization connects many of the rivers at their mouths with each other, though some of these connecting creeks are as yet unmarked on maps. Mountains.—Although there are patches of See also:marsh—generally the swampy bottoms of valleys—the whole surface of Liberia inclines to be hilly or even mountainous at a See also:short distance inland from the coast. In the north-east, French explorers have computed the altitudes of some mountains at figures which would make them the highest land surfaces of the western projection of Africa—from 6000 to 9000 ft. But these altitudes are largely matters of conjecture. The same mountains have been sighted by English explorers coming up from the south and are pronounced to be " very high." It is possible that they may reach to 6000 ft. in some places. Between the western bend of the Cavalla river and the coast there is a somewhat broken See also:mountain range with altitudes of from 2000 to 5000 ft. (approximate). The Po range to the west of the St Paul's river may reach in places to 3000 ft.
Rivers.—The See also:work of the Franco-Liberian delimitation commission in 1908–1909 cleared up many points connected with the See also:hydrography of the See also:country. Notably it traced the upper Cavalla, proving that that river was not connected either with the Nuon on the west or the Ko or Zo on the east. The upper river and the left bank of the See also:lower river of the Cavalla are in French territory. It rises in about 70 50' N., 8° 30' W. in the Nimba mountains, where also rise the Nuon, St See also: It is navigable from the sea for some 8o in. from its mouth and after a See also:long See also:series of rapids is again navigable. Unfortunately the Cavalla does not afford a means of easy penetration into the See also:rich See also:hinterland of Liberia on See also:account of the See also:bad See also:bar at its mouth. The Nuon (or Nipwe), which up to 1908 was described some-times as the western Cavalla and sometimes as the upper course of the St John's river, has been shown to be the upper course of the Cestos. About 6° 30' N. it approaches within 16 m. of the Cavalla. It rises in the Nimba mountains some r0 m. S. of the source of the Cavalla, and like all the Liberian rivers (except the Cavalla) it has a See also:general S.W. flow. The St Paul, though inferior to the Cavalla in length, is a large river with a considerable See also:volume of water. The See also:main See also:branch rises in the Beila country nearly as far north as 90 N. under the name of Diani. Between 8° and 7° N. it is joined by the We from the west and the See also:Wale from the east. The important river Lofa flows nearly parallel with the St Paul's river and enters the sea about 40 M. to the west, under the name of Little Cape Mount river. The Mano or Bewa river rises in the dense Gora See also:forest, but is of no See also:great importance until it becomes the frontier between Liberia and Sierra Leone. The Dukwia and Farmington are tortuous rivers entering the sea under the name of the river See also:Junk (Portuguese, Junco). The Farmington is a short stream, but the Dukwia is believed to be the lower course of the Mani, which rises as the Tigney (Tige), north of the source of the Cavalla, just south of 8° N. The St John's river of the Basa country appears to be of considerable importance and volume. The Sino river rises in the Niete mountains and brings down a great volume of water to the sea, though it is not a river of considerable length. The Duobe rises at the back of the Satro Mountains and flows nearly parallel with the Cavalla, which it joins. The Moa or Makona river is a See also:fine stream of considerable volume, but its course is perpetually interrupted by rocks and rapids. Its lower course is through the territory of Sierra Leone, and it enters the sea as the Sulima. See also:Climate and Rainfall.—Liberia is almost everywhere well watered. The climate and rainfall over the whole of the coast region for about 12o m. inland are See also:equatorial, the rainfall in the western See also:half of the country being about 15o in. per annum and in the eastern half about See also:loo in. North of a distance of about 120 M. inland the climate is not quite so See also:rainy, and the See also:weather is much cooler during the dry See also:season. This region beyond the See also:hundred-See also:miles coast belt is far more agreeable and healthy to Europeans. Forests.—Outside a coast belt of about 20 m. and south of 8° N. the country is one vast forest, except where the natives have cleared the land for cultivation. In many districts the land has been cleared and cultivated and then abandoned, and has relapsed into scrub and See also:jungle which is gradually returning to the See also:condition of forest. The densest forest of all would seem to be that known as Gora,
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which is almost entirely uninhabited and occupies an area of about 6000 sq. m. between the P6 hills and the British frontier. There is another very dense forest stretching with little interruption from the eastern side of the St Paul's river nearly to the Cava.11a. The Nidi forest is noteworthy for its magnificent growth of Funtunia See also:rubber trees. It extends between the Duobe and the Cavalla rivers. The extreme north of Liberia is still for the most part a very well-watered country, covered with a rich vegetation, but there are said to be a few breaks that are rather stony and that have a very well-marked dry season in which the vegetation is a good deal burnt up. In the main Liberia is the forest country See also:par excellence of West Africa, and although this region of dense forests overlaps the See also:political frontiers of both Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast, it is a feature of See also:physical See also:geography so nearly coincident with the actual frontiers of Liberia as to give this country See also:special characteristics clearly marked in its existing See also:fauna.
Fauna.—The fauna of Liberia is sufficiently See also:peculiar, at any See also:rate as regards vertebrates, to make it very nearly identical with a " See also:district " or sub-See also:province of the West African province, though in this See also:case the Liberian " district " would not include the northern-most portions of the country and would overlap on the east and west into Sierra Leone and the French Ivory Coast. It is probable that the Liberian See also:chimpanzee may offer one or more distinct varieties; there is an interesting See also:local development of the See also:Diana See also:monkey, sometimes called the See also:bay-thighed monkey (Cercopithecus diana ignita) on account of its brilliant See also:orange-red thighs. One or more See also:species of bats are peculiar to the country—Vespertilio stampflii, and perhaps Roussettus buttikoferi; two species of See also:shrew (Crocidura), one See also:dormouse (Graphiurus nagtglasii) ; the See also:pygmy See also:hippopotamus (H. liberiensis)—differing from the See also:common hippopotamus by its much smaller See also:size and by the reduction of the incisor See also:teeth to a single pair in either See also:jaw, or occasionally t the See also:odd number of three; and two remarkable Cephalophus antelopes peculiar to this region so far as is known—these are the See also: The other birds are mainly those of See also:Senegambia and of the West African forest region generally. A common and handsome See also:bird is the See also:blue See also:plantain-eater (Corythaeola). The fishing See also:vulture (Gypohierax) is found in all the coast districts, but true vultures are almost entirely absent except from the north, where the small brown Percnopterus makes its See also:appearance. A See also:flamingo (Phoeniconaias) visits Fisherman Lake, and there are a good many species of herons. Cuckoos are abundant, some of them of lovely plumage, also rollers, kingfishers and See also:horn-bills. The last See also:family is well represented, especially by the three forest forms—the elate See also:hornbill and black hornbill (Ceratogymna), and the long-tailed, white-crested hornbill (Ortholophus leucolophus). There is one See also:trogon—See also:green and See also:crimson, a brightly coloured ground See also:thrush (See also:Pitta), numerous woodpeckers and barbets; glossy starlings, the black and white African See also:crow and a great variety of brilliantly coloured See also:weaver birds, waxbills, shrikes and sun-birds. As regards See also:reptiles, there are at least seven poisonous See also:snakes—two cobras, two puff-adders and three vipers. The brilliantly coloured red and blue See also:lizard (Agama colonorum) is found in the coast region of eastern Liberia. There are three species of See also:crocodile, at least two chameleons (probably more when the forest is further explored), the large West African See also:python (P. sebae) and a rare Boine snake (Calabaria). On the sea coast there is the leathery turtle (Dermochelis) and also the green turtle (Chelone).. In the rivers and swamps there are soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx and Sternothaerus). The land tortoises chiefly belong to the genus Cynyxis. The fresh-water See also:fish seem in their See also:affinities to be nearly allied to those of the Niger and the See also:Nile. There is a species of Polypterus, and it is probable that the Prolopterus or See also:lung fish is also found there, though its existence has not as yet been established by a specimen. As regards invertebrates, very few species or genera are peculiar to Liberia so far as is yet known, though there are probably one or two butterflies of local range. The gigantic scorpions (Pandinus imperator)—more than 6 in.long—are a common feature in the forest. One noteworthy feature in Liberia, however, is the relative See also:absence of mosquitoes, and the white ants and some other See also:insect pests are not so troublesome here as in other parts of West Africa. The absence or extreme paucity of mosquitoes no doubt accounts for the infrequency of malarial See also:fever in the interior. See also:Flora.—Nowhere, perhaps, does the flora of West Africa attain a more wonderful development than in the republic of Liberia and in the adjoining regions of Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast. This is partly due to the equatorial position and the heavy rainfall. The region of dense forest, however, does not See also:cover the whole of Liberia; the Makona river and the northern tributaries of the Lofa and St Paul's flow through a mountainous country covered with grass and thinly scattered trees, while the ravines and watercourses are still richly forested. A good deal of this absence of forest is directly due to the See also:action of See also:man. See also:Year by year the See also:influence of the See also:Mahommedan tribes on the north leads to the cutting down of the forest, the ex-tension of both planting and pasture and the introduction of See also:cattle and even horses. In the regions bordering the coast also a good deal of the forest has disappeared, its See also:place being taken (where the land is not actually cultivated) by very dense scrub. The most striking trees in the forest region are, in the See also:basin of the Cavalla, the See also:giant Funtumia elastica, which grows to an See also:altitude of 200 ft.; various kinds of Parinarium, Oldfieldia and Khaya; the bombax or See also:cotton tree, giant dracaenas, many kinds of fig; Borassus palms, oil palms, the climbing Calamus palms, and on the coast the coconut. The most important See also:palm of the country perhaps is the Raphia vinifera, which produces the piassava fibre of See also:commerce. There are about twenty-two different trees, shrubs and vines producing rubber of more or less good quality. These belong chiefly to the Apocynaceous See also:order. In this order is the genus See also:Strophanthus, which is represented in Liberia by several species, amongst others S. gratus. This Strophanthus is not remarkable for its rubber—which is See also:mere bird See also:lime—but for the powerful See also:poison of its seeds, often used for poisoning arrows, but of late much in use as a See also:drug for treating diseases of the See also:heart. See also:Coffee of several species is indigenous and grows See also:wild. The best known is the celebrated Coffea liberica. The See also:kola tree is also indigenous. Large edible nuts are derived from Coula edulis of the order Olacineae. The country is exceedingly rich in Aroids, many of which are epiphytic, festooning the trunks of tall trees with a magnificent drapery of abundant foliage. A genus much represented is Culcasia, and swampy localities are thickly set with the giant Cyrlesperma arum, with See also:flower spathes that are blotched with deep See also:purple. Ground See also:orchids and tree orchids are well represented; Polystachya liberica, an epiphytic orchid with sprays of exquisite small See also:flowers of purple and gold, might well be introduced into See also:horticulture for its beauty. The same might be said of the magnificent Lissochilus roseus, a terrestrial orchid, growing to 7 ft. in height, with See also:rose-coloured flowers nearly i in. long; there are other orchids of fantastic See also:design in their green and white flowers, some of which have spurs (nectaries) nearly 7 in. long.
Many trees offer magnificent displays of flowers at certain seasons of the year; perhaps the loveliest effect is derived from the bushes and trailing creepers of the Combretum genus, which, during the " See also:winter " months from See also:December to See also: In a general way it is supposed that the lands lying between the lower St Paul's river and the Sierra Leone frontier are not much mineralized, except that in the vicinity of river mouths there are indications of See also:bitumen. The See also:sand of nearly all the rivers contains a varying proportion of gold. Garnets and See also:mica are everywhere found. There have been repeated stories of diamonds obtained from the Finley Mountains (which are volcanic) in the central province, but all specimens sent See also:home, except one, have hitherto proved to be See also:quartz crystals. There are indications of sapphires and other forms of See also:corundum. Corundum indeed is abundantly met with in the eastern half of Liberia. The sand of the rivers contains See also:monazite. See also:Graphite has been discovered in the P6 Hills. See also:Lead has been reported from the Nidi or Niete Mountains. Gold is See also:present in some abundance in the river sand of central Liberia, and native reports speak of the far interior as being rich in gold. See also:Iron—See also:haematite—is present almost everywhere. There are other indications of bitumen, besides those mentioned, in the coast region of eastern Liberia. See also:History and See also:Population.—Tradition asserts that the Liberian coast was first visited by Europeans when it was reached by the Dieppois See also:merchant-adventurers in the 14th See also:century. The French in the 17th century claimed that but for the loss of the archives of See also:Dieppe they would be able to prove that vessels from this See also:Norman See also:port had established settlements at Grand Basa, Cape Mount, and other points on the coast of Liberia. No See also:proof has yet been forthcoming, however, that the Portuguese were not the first white men to reach this coast. The first Portuguese See also:pioneer was Pedro de Sintra, who discovered and noted in 1461 the remarkable promontory of Cape Mount, Cape Mesurado (where the See also:capital, Monrovia, is now situated) and the mouth of the Junk river. In 1462 de Sintra returned with another Portuguese See also:captain, Sueiro da See also:Costa, and penetrated as far as Cape Palmas and the Cavalla river. Subsequently the Portuguese mapped the whole coast of Liberia, and nearly all the prominent features—capes, rivers, islets—off that coast still See also:bear Portuguese names. From the 16th century onwards, English, Dutch, See also:German, French and other See also:European traders contested the commerce of this coast with the Portuguese, and finally drove them away. In the 18th century France once or twice thought of establishing colonies here. At the end of the 18th century, when the See also:tide was rising in favour of the abolition of See also:slavery and the repatriation of slaves, the See also:Grain Coast [so called from the old See also:trade in the" Grains of Paradise "or Amomum See also:pepper] was suggested once or twice as a suitable home for repatriated negroes. Sierra Leone, however, was chosen first on account of its possessing an admirable harbour. But in 1821 Cape Mesurado was selected by the See also:American Colonization Society as an appropriate site for the first detachment of American freed negroes, whom difficulties in regard to extending the See also:suffrage in the See also:United States were See also:driving away from a still slave-holding See also:America. From that date, 1821, onwards to the present See also:day, negroes and mulattos—freed slaves or the descend-ants of such—have been See also:crossing the See also:Atlantic in small See also:numbers to See also:settle on the Liberian coast. The great migrations took place during the first half of the 19th century. Only two or three thousand American emigrants—at most—have come to Liberia since 1860. The colony was really founded by Jehudi Ashmun, a white American, between 1822 and 1828. The name " Liberia " was invented by the Rev. R. R. Gurley in 1824. In 1847 the American colonists declared their country to be an See also:independent republic, and its status in this capacity was recognized in 1848–1849 by most of the great See also:powers with the exception of the United States. Until 1857 Liberia consisted of two republics—Liberia and See also:Maryland. These American settlements were dotted at intervals along the coast from the mouth of the Sewa river on the west to the See also:San Pedro river on the east (some 6o m. beyond Cape Palmas). Some tracts of territory, such as the greater part of the Kru coast, still, however, remain without See also:foreign—Americansettlers, and in a See also:state of quasi-See also:independence. The uncertainty of Liberian occupation led to frontier troubles with Great See also:Britain and disputes with France. Finally, by the English and French See also:treaties of 1885 and 1892 Liberian territory on the coast was made continuous, but was limited to the See also:strip of about 300 m. between the Mano river on the west and the Cavalla river on the east. The Sierra Leone-Liberia frontier was demarcated in 1903; then followed the negotiations with France for the exact delimitation of the Ivory Coast-Liberia frontier, with the result that Liberia lost part of the hinterland she had claimed. Reports of territorial encroachments aroused much sympathy with Liberia in America and led in See also:February 1909 to the See also:appointment by See also:President See also:Roosevelt of a commission which visited Liberia in the summer of that year to investigate the condition of the country. As a result of the commissioners' See also:report negotiations were set on foot for the See also:adjustment of the Liberian See also:debt and the placing of United States officials in See also:charge of the Liberian customs. In See also:July 1910 it was announced that the American See also:government, acting in general agreement with Great Britain, France and See also:Germany, would take charge of the finances, military organization, See also:agriculture and boundary questions of the re-public. A See also:loan for 400,000 was also arranged. Meantime the attempts of the Liberian government to See also:control the Kru coast led to various troubles, such as the fining or firing upon foreign steamships for alleged contraventions of regulations. During 1910 the natives in the Cape Palmas district were at open warfare with the Liberian authorities. One of the most notable of the Liberian presidents was J. J. See also:Roberts, who was nearly white, with only a small proportion of negro See also:blood in his See also:veins. But perhaps the ablest statesman that this American-Negro republic has as yet produced is a pure-blooded negro—President See also:Arthur See also:Barclay, a native of See also:Barbados in the West Indies, who came to Liberia with his parents in the See also:middle of the 19th century, and received all his See also:education there. President Barclay was of unmixed negro descent, but came of a See also:Dahomey stock of See also:superior type.' Until the See also:accession to See also:power of President Barclay in 1904 (he was re-elected in 1907), the Americo-Liberian government on the coast had very uncertain relations with the indigenous population, which is well armed and tenacious of local independence. But of late Liberian influence has been extending, more especially in the counties of Maryland and Montserrado. The president is now elected for a See also:term of four years. There is a legislature of eight senators and thirteen representatives. The type of the constitution is very like that of the United States. Increasing See also:attention is being given to education, to deal with which there are several colleges and a number of See also:schools. The judicial functions are discharged by four grades of officials—the local magistrates, the courts of common pleas, the quarterly courts (five in number) and the supreme See also:court. The customs service includes British customs See also:officers See also:lent to the Liberian service. A gunboat for preventive service See also:purchased from the British government and commanded by an Englishman, with native See also:petty officers and See also:crew, is employed by the Liberian government. The See also:language of government and trade is English, which is understood far and wide throughout Liberia. As the origin of the Sierra Leonis and the Americo-Liberian settlers was very much the same, an increasing intimacy is growing up between the English-speaking populations of these adjoining countries. Order is maintained in Liberia to some extent by a See also:militia. The population of Americo-Liberian origin in the coast regions is estimated at from 12,000 to 15,000. To these must be added about 40,000 civilized and Christianized negroes who make common cause with the Liberians in most matters, and have gradually been filling the position of Liberian citizens.
For administrative purposes the country is divided into four counties, Montserrado, Basa, Sino and Maryland, but Cape Mount in the far west and the district See also:round it has almost the status of a fifth See also:county. The approximate See also:revenue for 5906 was £65,000, and the expenditure about L6o,000, but some of the revenue was still collected in See also:paper of uncertain value. There are three See also:custom-houses, or ports of entry on the Sierra Leone land frontier between the Moa river on the north and the Mano on the south, and nine ports of entry along the coast. At all of these Europeans are allowed to settle and trade, and with very slight restrictions they may now trade almost anywhere in Liberia. The rubber trade is controlled by the Liberian Rubber See also:Corporation, which holds a special concession from the Liberian government for a number of years, and is charged with the preservation of the forests. Another English See also:company has constructed motor roads in the Liberian hinterland to connect centres of trade with the St Paul's river. The trade is done almost entirely with Great Britain, Germany and See also: Blyden (b. 1832), the author of many See also:works dealing with negro questions. the See also:Oriental bishops; but the document is now held to be See also:spurious See See also:Hefele, Conciliengesch. i. 648 seq. Three other letters, though contested by Hefele, seem to have been written by Liberius at the time of his submission to the See also:emperor. (L. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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