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LIBERAL PARTY , in See also:Great See also:Britain, the name given to and accepted by the successors of the old Whig party (see WHIG AND TORY), representing the See also:political party opposed to Toryism or Conservatism, and claiming to be the originators and champions of political reform and progressive legislation. The See also:term came into See also:general use definitely as the name of one of the two great parties in the See also:state when Mr See also:Gladstone became its See also:leader, but before this it had already become current See also:coin, as a political appellation, through a natural association with the use of such phrases as " liberal ideas," in the sense of " favourable to See also:change," or;" in support of political freedom and See also:democracy." In this respect it was the outcome of the See also:French Revolution, and in the See also:early years of the 19th See also:century the term was used in a French See also:form; thus See also:Southey in ,816 wrote about the " See also:British Liberales." But the Reform See also:Act, and the See also:work of See also:Bentham and See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
Mill resulted in the See also:crystallization of the term. In See also:Leigh See also:Hunt's autobiography (185o) we read of " newer and more thorough-going Whigs . . . known by the name of Radicals .' . since called Liberals" ; and J. S. Mill in 1865 wrote (from his own Liberal point of view), " A Liberal is he who looks forward for his principles of See also:government; a Tory looks backward." The See also:gradual See also:adoption of the term for one of the great parties, superseding Whig," was helped by the transition See also:period of "Liberal
Conservatism," describing the position of the later Peelites; and Mr Gladstone's own career is the best instance of its changing signification; moreover the See also:adjective "liberal " came meanwhile into See also:common use in other See also:spheres than that of See also:parliamentary politics, e.g. in See also:religion, as meaning intellectually advanced" and See also:free from the trammels of tradition. Broadly speaking, the Liberal party stands for progressive legislation in accordance with freedom of social development and advanced ethical ideas. It claims to represent government by the See also:people, by means of See also:trust in the people, in a sense which denies genuine popular sympathy to its opponents. Being largely' composed of dissenters, it has identified itself with opposition to the vested interests of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church of See also:England; and, being See also:apt to be thwarted by the See also:House of Lords, with attempts to override the See also:veto of that house. Its old watchword, " See also:Peace, See also:retrenchment and reform," indicated its tendency to avoidance of a " spirited See also:foreign policy, and to See also:parsimony in See also:expenditure. But throughout its career the Liberal party has always been pushed forward by its extreme See also:Radical wing, and See also:economy in the spending of public See also:money is no longer cherished by those who chiefly represent the non-taxpaying classes. The party organization lends itself to the See also:influence of new forces. In 1861 a central organization was started in the " Liberal See also:Registration Association," composed " of gentlemen of known Liberal opinions "; and a number of " Liberal Associations " soon See also:rose throughout the See also:country. Of these, that at See also:Birmingham became, under Mr J. See also:- CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
- CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)
Chamberlain and his active supporter Mr Schnadhorst, particularly active in the 'seventies; and it was due to Mr Schnadhorst that in 1877 a See also:conference was held at Birmingham which resulted in the formation of the " See also:National Federation of Liberal Associations," or " National Liberal Federation," representing a See also:system of organization which was dubbed ' by See also:Lord -See also:Beaconsfield " the See also:Caucus." The Birmingham Caucus and the Central Liberal Association thus coexisted, the first as an See also:independent democratic institution, the second as the See also:official See also:body representing the whips of the party, the first more advanced and " Radical," the second inclined to Whiggishness. See also:Friction naturally resulted, but the 188o elections confirmed the success of the Caucus and consolidated its See also:power. And in spite of the See also:Home See also:Rule crisis in 1886, resulting in the splitting off of the Liberal Unionists—" dissentient Liberals," as Mr Gladstone called them—from the Liberal party, the organization of the National Liberal Federation remained, in the dark days of the party; its See also:main support.. Its headquarters were, however, removed to See also:London, and under Mr Schnadhorst it was practically amalgamated with the old Central Association.
It is impossible here to write in detail the later See also:history of the Liberal party, but the salient facts will be found in such articles as those on Mr Gladstone, Mr J. Chamberlain,. Lord See also:Rosebery, See also:Sir See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:- CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
- CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
- CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN
- CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
- CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
- CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
- CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)
Campbell-Bannerman, Mr H. H. See also:Asquith and Mr See also:David See also:Lloyd See also:George.
See, apart from general histories of the period, M. Ostrogorski's Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties (Eng. trans. 1902),.
End of Article: LIBERAL PARTY
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