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UGANDA , a See also:British See also:protectorate in Eastern See also:Equatorial See also:Africa, lying between Lakes See also:Victoria and See also:Albert and between the See also:Mountain See also:Nile and See also:Lake See also:Rudolf. The same name was originally applied to the See also:Bantu See also:kingdom of Buganda, which is one of the five provinces of the protectorate, but which is now styled officially by the, correct native name of " Buganda." The See also:Swahili followers of the first explorers always pronounced the territorial prefix, Bu, as a See also:simple vowel, U; hence the incorrect rendering " Uganda " of the more See also:primitive Bantu designation. It was first applied to the kingdom of Mutesa, discovered by J. H. See also:Speke in 1862, and in See also:time came to include the large protectorate which See also:grew out of the See also:extension of British See also:influence over Buganda. Boundaries and See also:Area.—On the See also:north the frontier of the protectorate is an undetermined See also:line See also:running between Lado (which lies a little north of 5° N.) on the Mountain Nile and the See also:watershed of Lake Rudolf. This See also:northern boundary is in any See also:case conterminous with the See also:southern boundary of the Anglo-See also:Egyptian See also:Sudan. On the See also:east the limit of the Uganda Protectorate in 1901 was the See also:thalweg of Lake Rudolf and a line drawnfrom the See also:south-eastern See also:coast of that lake south along the edge of the Laikipia and Kikuyu escarpments to the frontier of See also:German East Africa. The southern frontier of Uganda was the 1st degree of S. See also:lat.; the western was the 3oth See also:meridian of E. See also:long., from the German frontier on the south, across Albert See also:Edward See also:Nyanza and the Semliki See also:River to the line of See also:water-parting between the systems of the See also:Congo and the Nile (in the See also:country of Mboga); thence northwards this western boundary descended to the north coast of Albert Nyanza at Mahagi, and then followed the See also:main stream of the Nile to about 5° N. In 1904, however, it was found that the 3oth meridian had been placed some 25 M. See also:west of its true position in the maps used when the frontier was agreed upon, and that if it was maintained as the dividing line it would cut off the Uganda Protectorate from See also:access to Albert Edward Nyanza while giving a corner of the Congo See also:forest to Uganda. A survey See also:commission was subsequently despatched, and in 19To British, Belgian and German delegates met in See also:Brussels to draw up a new frontier line. See also:Germany was interested in the dispute, inasmuch as the southern frontier of the Uganda Protectorate coincided with the northern frontier See also:Emery WUker se. of German East Africa. Moreover Germany, See also:Great See also:Britain and See also:Belgium (as inheritor of the Congo See also:State) had conflicting claims in the region N.E. of Lake See also:Kivu. On the 14th of May 1910 a See also:protocol was signed defining the new frontier as follows: Flom the north end of Lake Kivu the Congo-German frontier turns east by north, traversing the volcanic region of See also:Mfumbiro, and crosses the See also:summit of Mt Karissimbi to the summit of Mt Sabyino, where the British, Belgian and German frontiers meet. From Mt Sabyino the frontier between Belgian Congo and the Uganda Protectorate goes in a See also:direct line north to Mt Nkabwe, and thence along the Ishasha River, to its mouth on the S.E. shores of Albert Edward Nyanza. Thence it crosses that lake in a straight line and afterwards the See also:Ruwenzori to its highest point, Margherita See also:peak, whence i"t follows the See also:Lamia River to its junction with the Semliki. From that point the frontier is formed by the Semliki to its mouth and the See also:middle of Albert Nyanza to a point opposite Mahagi, where it meets the Congo-Sudan frontier. Meantime in 1903 the then Eastern See also:province cf the Uganda Protectorate had been transferred to the adjoining East Africa Protectorate, the new eastern boundary being the west coast of Lake Rudolf, the river Turkwel, the eastern flanks of Mt See also:Elgon, the Sio River, and a line running south from the mouth of the Sio across Victoria Nyanza to I° S. The area of the protectorate, approximately 150,000 sq. m. in 1901, has been reduced by these changes to about It o,000 sq. m. See also:Physical Features.—The protectorate, with a singularly diversified See also:surface of lofty plateaus, See also:snow-capped mountains, vast swamps, dense forests and regions of desolate aridity (valley of See also:Climate. Lake Rudolf), offers a remarkable variety of climates. The Rudolf province lies See also:low—an See also:average See also:altitude of not more than 2000 ft.—is extremely hot, and has a very poor rainfall. In some of its districts no See also:rain falls for two years at a time, elsewhere scarcely as much as to in. per annum. The Eastern province is abundantly watered near Victoria Nyanza and around Mt Elgon and the See also:noble Debasien mountain (about 5o in. to See also:loo in. annually) ; elsewhere, in Karamojo and the northern regions, the rainfall lessens to about 20 in. Busoga and the western See also:part of the Elgon See also:district in this province have a See also:regular West See also:African climate—hot, moist' and not over-healthy. These are the conditions of Buganda, a country with an See also:annual rainfall of from 6o to 8o in., a regular West African climate, and severe and frequent thunderstorms. Much the same may be said about the Western province, except for the cooling influence of the Ruwenzori snow range, which pleasantly affects See also:Toro and northern Ankole. The rainfall on Ruwenzori and the central Semliki valley is quite too in. per annum. Along the Ruwenzori range are glaciers and snowfields nearly 15 M. in continuous length and some 5 M. in breadth. The Northern (formerly called the Nile) province is perhaps the hottest part of Uganda. Like the districts See also:round Lake Rudolf, the average altitude (near the Nile) is not more than 2000 ft., but the rainfall is more abundant than in the terrible Rudolf region, being an average of 30 in. per annum. The surface of the protectorate is diversified. See also:Mount Elgon (q.v.) just outside the Eastern province is one of the leading physical features of the Uganda and East Africa protectorates. Mountains, It consists of the vast See also:crater—some to m. in See also:diameter Lakes and —of an See also:extinct See also:volcano, the rim of which rises in several See also:Rivers' places to over i4,000 ft. Terraces and buttresses extend and ramify in all directions from the central crater, so that the See also:giant volcano and its surrounding heights See also:form a mountain country (notable for its innumerable cascades and dense forests) the See also:size of See also:Montenegro. The See also:mass of Elgon can be seen from the north-east coast of Victoria Nyanza, from near the main Nile stream, from the heights overlooking Lake Rudolf and from the Kikuyu escarpment. The Eastern province consists of well-forested, undulating See also:land (Busoga) on the coast of the lake, a vast extent of See also:marsh round the lake-like backwaters of the Victoria Nile (Lakes See also:Ibrahim or Kioga, Kwania, &c.) and a more stony, open, See also:grain-growing country (Bukedi, Lobor, Karamojo). The Turkana country west of Lake Rudolf has been of See also:late years terribly arid. A little vegetation is met with in the stream valleys, but most of the rivers marked on the See also:map haveceased to show running water in their See also:lower courses. A See also:good See also:deal of high land—rising in some peaks to near Io,000 ft. —is found in the eastern part of the Northern province, and these heights attract moisture and nourish permanent streams flowing Nilewards. But much of the lower ground is stony and poor in vegetation, while the See also:lowland near the main Nile is exceedingly marshy.
The See also:Ripon Falls, in the centre of the northern coast of the Victoria Nyanza, at the See also:head of the exquisitely beautiful See also:Napoleon Gulf, See also:mark the exit of the fully See also:born Nile from the great lake. The Victoria Nile tumbles over 50 M. of cascades and rapids (descending some 700 ft. in that distance) between Ripon Falls and Kakoge. Here it broadens into Lake Ibrahim (Kioga) (in reality a vast back-water of the Nile discovered by See also:Colonel Chaille Long in 1874), and continues navigable (See also:save for See also:sudd obstacles at times) right through Lake Ibrahim and thence northwards for too m. to Foweira and Karuma Falls. Between Karuma and See also:Murchison Falls the Victoria Nile is unnavigable. At Fajao the See also:navigation can See also: The main Nile stream when it quits Lake Albert continues navigable as far north as Nimule (° 40' N.). Between Nimule and Fort See also:Berkeley the river flows through a deep See also:gorge and falls nearly woo ft. Navigability really only begins again at See also:Gondokoro on the Sudan frontier, from which point steamers ply to See also:Khartum (see NILE).
The See also:geography of the Western province includes many interesting features, the in many ways See also:peculiar Albert Nyanza (q.v.), the great snowy range of Ruwenzori (q.v.), the dense Semliki, Budonga, Mpanga and Bunyaraguru forests, the See also:salt lakes and salt springs of See also:Unyoro and western Toro, the innumerable and singularly beautiful crater lakes of Toro and Ankole, the volcanic region of Mfumbiro (where active and extinct volcanoes rise in great cones to altitudes of from ii,000 to nearly 15,000 ft.), and the healthy plateaus of Ankole, which are in a lesser degree analogous in climate and position, and the See also:Nandi See also:plateau on the east of Victoria Nyanza. Ruwenzori is a snowy range, and not a single mountain. Its greatest altitude—the See also:Duke of the Abruzzi's Mt See also:Stanley (Margherita Peak)—is 16,816 ft., and therefore the third highest point on the African See also:continent. The Uganda Protectorate is a land of great lakes, and includes partially or wholly the water areas of Victoria Nyanza (about 2 ,000 sq. m.), Lake Rudolf (about 3500 sq. m.), Lake Ibrahim-Kioga-Kwania (800 sq. m.), Albert Nyanza (2700 sq. m.), and Lakes Albert Edward and Dwerui (1500 sq. m.), besides the small crater
i In 1909 Albert Edward Nyanza was renamed by British geolakes of Toro and Ankole (singularly beautiful), the lake-swamps See also:Salisbury and Kirkpatrick in the Eastern province, Lakes Wamala in Buganda, and Kachera in Ankole. The water of Lake Victoria is perfectly fresh. This is the case with all the other lakes except Rudolf, Albert Nyanza and Albert Edward, in which the water ranges from salt to slightly brackish.
See also:Geology.—Wide tracts remain geologically unexplored. Archean rocks—See also:gneiss, schist and See also:granite—See also:cover large areas through which the Nile cuts its way in alternate narrow See also:gorges and open reaches. In Ankole and Koki rocks consisting of granular See also:quartzite, schistose See also:sandstone, red and See also: No traces of the See also:Karroo formation have been detected. Volcanic rocks occur in Usoga and elsewhere. The Nile at the Ripon Falls leaps over a See also:basalt See also:dike. The rocks on the See also:verge of the Kisumu province of East Africa are mainly volcanic (basalt, See also:tuff, See also:lava, kenyte). West of the volcanic region, nearer to Lake Victoria and the Eastern province, ironstone, granite, gneiss and schistose formations pre-dominate, with See also:phonolite in places.
See also:Iron ore (See also:haematite) is abundant. In the Eastern province the rocks are mainly See also:quartz, gneiss and granite, with sandstone in Busoga, basalt round Mt Elgon, See also:slate (Busoga) and iron- See also:petrology See also: Iron is founts nearly everywhere. See also:Graphite is See also:present in Buganda and Unyoro. See also:Flora.—The vegetation is luxuriant except in the Rudolf region, which- has the sparse flora of See also:Somaliland. In the Western province, Busoga and the Elgon district the flora is very West African in See also:character. The swampy regions of the Nile and of the Eastern province are characterized by an extravagant growth of See also:papyrus and other rushes, of reeds and coarse grass. There are luxuriant tropical forests in the coast region of Buganda, in Busoga, west Elgon, western Unyoro, eastern Toro, the central Semliki valley and north-west Ankole. The upper regions of Mt Elgon, Mt Debasien and Mt Agoro are clothed with forests of conifers—See also:juniper and See also:yew—and See also:witch-hazels (Trichocladus). There are also giant yew-trees (Podocarpus) on the flanks of Ruwenzori and the Mfumbiro volcanoes between 7000 and 9000 ft., but no junipers. The alpine vegetation pa all these lofty mountains is of a mixed Cape and Abyssinian character—witch-hazels, senecios, lobelias, kniphofias, See also:everlasting See also:flowers, See also:tree heaths and hypericums. The really tropical vegetation of Buganda is nearly identical with that of West Africa, but there is no oil-See also:palm. See also:Fauna.—The fauna also has many West African See also:affinities in the hot, forested regions. In the Kisumu province of East Africa even, there are several West African mammals such as the broad-horned tragelaph and the forest See also:pig. These are also found in part of the Semliki forests. As a See also:rule, however, the fauna of the Upper Semliki valley, of parts of Ankole, Buganda and Unyoro, of the Northern, Rudolf and Eastern provinces, is of that " East African," Ethiopic " character which is specially the feature of South and East Africa and of the Sudan right across from See also:Abyssinia to the river See also:Senegal. Among notable mammals the See also:chimpanzee is found in Unyoro, Toro and north-west Ankole, and has only recently become extinct in Buganda; the See also:okapi inhabits the Semliki forests on the Congo frontier; the See also:giraffe (the male sometimes developing five See also:horn cores) is See also:common in the Northern, Eastern and Rudolf provinces; there are three types of See also:buffalo—the Cape, the Congo and the Abyssinian; two See also:species of See also:zebra (one of them See also:Grevy's), the African See also:wild See also:ass, the square-lipped (', See also: The Bantu negroes represent the future ruling See also:race of the protectorate, and include the remarkable Baganda See also:people. These last, See also:prior to the arrival of Arabs and Europeans, displayed a nearer approach to See also:civilization than has as yet been attained by an unaided Negro people. Their See also:dynasty of monarchs can be traced back with tolerable certainty to a See also:period coincident with the reign of See also: But in this aristocratic See also:caste the women are scrupulously clothed. The Nile negroes and Hima are tall people. The former are seldom handsome, owing to their See also:flat faces and projecting cheek-bones. The Bahima are often markedly handsome, even to See also:European eyes. In the Bahima the proportion of Caucasian See also:blood is about one-See also:fourth; in the Nile negroes and Bantu from one-sixteenth to none at all. The aboriginal stock of the Uganda Protectorate is undoubtedly the pigmy-prognathous, which has gradually been absorbed, overlaid or exterminated by better See also:developed specimens of the Negro sub-species, or by Negro-Caucasian hybrids from the north and north-east. The See also:languages spoken in the Uganda Protectorate belong to the following See also:stocks : Hamitic (Murle and Rendile of Lake Rudolf) ; (2) See also:Masai (Bari, Elgumi, Turkana, See also:Silk, &c.) ; (2a) Sabei, on the northern slopes of Elgon and on Mt Debasien; (2b) Nilotic (Acholi, Aluru, Gang, &c.); (3) Madi (spoken on the Nile between Aluru and Bari, really of West African affinities) ; (4) Bantu (Lu-ganda, Runyoro, Lu-konjo, Kuamba, Lihuku, the Masaba languages of west Elgon and Kavirondo, &c.) ; and lastly, the unclassified, isolated Lendu and Mbuba spoken by some of the pigmy-prognathous peoples. Towns.—The seat of the British See also:administration is Entebbe (" a See also:throne ") on the south shores of a See also:peninsula projecting into the Victoria Nyanza in o° 4' 2u N. 32° 27' 45" E. It contains a number of commodious See also:official residences, churches, hospitals, a laboratory, covered See also:market, &c. The See also:port is protected by a See also:breakwater and provided with a See also:pier. on which is the customs-See also:house. The native See also:capital of Buganda is Mengo (pop. about 70,000), situated some 20 M. N. by E. of Entebbe. It is a straggling See also:town built on seven steep hills: on one See also: Bululu is a port on Lake Ibrahim. See also:Agriculture and See also:Trade.—A few plantations are owned and managed by Europeans. Otherwise agriculture is in the hands of the natives. Some Baganda chiefs have started See also:cotton, See also:rubber and See also:cocoa plantations, the botanic See also:department assisting in this enterprise. Path and Funtumia rubber trees are also cultivated by the department. (For the See also:work of the botanic, forestry and scientific department, the government plantations, &c., see the Colonial See also:Report [See also:Miscellaneous], No. 64.) A forest area of 150 sq. m. has been leased to a European See also:company. Trade is mainly conducted by native (i.e. Arab, Somali and Negro) traders, by British Indians and by Germans. The value of the trade during 1901–1902 was approximately £400,000 in imports (largely railway material) and 50,000 in exports. The articles exported were See also:ivory, rubber, skins and hides, and livestock (for See also:consumption in East Africa). These, except livestock, continue to be the main items of export. For the six years 1903–1904 to 1908-1909 the imports increased from £147,000 to £419,000, and the exports—produce of the protectorate—from £43,000 to £127,000. The imports included the transit trade (with the Belgian Congo and German East Africa), which grew from £8460 in 1903–1904 to £82,615 in 1908–1909. The transit trade in the last-named See also:year included See also:bullion valued at £33,000, being raw gold from the Kilo mines, Belgian Congo. Among the new See also:industries are See also:sugar and See also:coffee plantations, while cotton, ground-nuts and rubber figure increasingly among the exports, cotton and cotton-See also:seed being of See also:special importance. Cotton goods, chiefly " Americani,'" are the See also:chief imports, machinery, hardware and provisions ranking next. Large quantities of See also:rice are imported from German East Africa. About 5o% of the imports are from the See also:United Kingdom and British possessions. Communications.—In connexion with the railway from See also:Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza a steamship service is maintained on the lake between Port See also:Florence, Entebbe and other ports, including those in German territory. Government boats also ply on the Victoria Nile and Lake Kioga (Ibrahim) and on Albert Nyanza and the Mountain Nile. A railway (begun in 1910), some 50 M. long, runs from Jinja to Kakindu, i.e. along the Victoria Nile from its point of issue from the Nyanza to where it becomes navigable above Lake Kioga. Good roads connect Entebbe and Butiaba (the steamboat See also:terminus on Albert Nyanza) and other districts. There is a direct telegraphic service to Gondokoro and Khartum and to Mombasa. The postal service is well organized.
Administrative Divisions and Government.-The protectorate is divided into five provinces—Rudolf, Eastern (formerly central), kingdom of Buganda, Western, and Northern (formerly Nile)—and these again into a number of administrative districts. The kingdom of Buganda, which has a thoroughly efficient and recognized native government, is subdivided into no fewer than nineteen "counties " or districts, but the other provinces have as a rule only three or four subdivisions.
The protectorate is administered by a See also:governor and commanderin-chief, under the colonial See also:office, residing at Entebbe, on the north-western coast of the Victoria Nyanza. He is assisted by a See also:staff of officials similar to the functionaries of a See also:Crown See also:colony, but there is at present no legislative See also:council. The natives are ordinarily under the direct rule of their own recognized chiefs. but in all the organized districts the governor alone has the See also:power of See also:life or See also:death, of levying taxes, of carrying on See also:war, of controlling See also:waste lands and forests, and of administering See also:justice to non-natives. In the case of Buganda special terms were accorded to the native king and people in the See also:settlement dated the loth of See also: The See also:education of the natives is confined to the See also:schools maintained by the missionaries, who are doing an excellent work. See also:Manual,
technical and higher education is provided. In 1909-1910 there were in the Anglican schools over 36,000 scholars, of whom 17,000 were girls. Of the See also:total number of scholars over 26,000 were in the kingdom of Buganda. The Roman See also:Catholic schools had in 1909 over ii,000 scholars. (See the See also:Col. Off. Report on Uganda, No. 686.)
The See also:expenditure for 1902-1903 was fixed at £210,000, of which about £170,000 was furnished by an imperial See also: The hut and poll taxes yield about £62,000 a year. The expenditure increased from £186,000 in 1903 to £256,000 in 1909. Deficiencies are made good by See also:parliamentary grants. The See also:rupee (Is. 4d.) is the See also:standard See also:coin, with a subsidiary decimal coinage. See also:History.—The countries grouped under this protectorate were invaded at some relatively remote period—say, three to four thousand years ago—by Hamitic races from the north-east (akin to the ancestors of the See also:ancient Egyptians, See also:Gallas, Somalis), who mingled extensively with the Nile negroes first, and then with the aboriginal inhabitants of Buganda, Unyoro and Nandi. These Hamites brought with them a measure of Egyptian civilization, See also:cattle, and the arts of metallurgy, pottery and other adjuncts to See also:neolithic civilization. There was probably no direct intercourse with See also:Egypt by way of the Nile, owing to the lake-like marshes between B6r and See also:Fashoda, but instead an overland See also:traffic with See also:Ethiopia (the Land of See also:Punt) via Mt Elgon and the Rudolf regions. In time even this intercourse with the non-negro See also:world died away, and powerful kingdoms with an aristocracy of Galla descent grew up in Buganda, Unyoro and Ankole. The kingdom of Buganda especially dominated the lands of Victoria Nyanza in the 19th See also:century. In the 'forties and 'fifties Egyptian officials, See also:Austrian missionaries, and British, Dutch, See also:Italian, and German explorers had carried our knowledge of the Nile beyond Khartum as far south as Gondokoro. In the same period of time the See also:Zanzibar Arab traders were advancing from the south on the Bahima kingdoms of the western Victoria Nyanza and on Buganda. King Suna of Buganda first heard of the See also:outer world of white men in 185o from a runaway Baluch soldier of Zanzibar. Captains See also:Burton and Speke, on their See also:Tanganyika expedition, heard of Buganda from the Arab traders in 18J7. See also:Captain Speke in 1862 reached Buganda, the first of all Europeans to enter that country. In the See also:early 'seventies See also:Sir See also:Samuel See also:Baker (who had discovered Albert Nyanza) extended the rule of the Egyptian Sudan as far south as the Victoria Nile. General See also:Gordon, who succeeded Baker, and who had Dr Emin See also:Bey (afterwards Emin See also:Pasha) as See also:lieutenant, attempted through Colonel See also: Stanley, in response to Mutesa's questions about See also:religion, obtained from that king an invitation to Anglican missionaries, which he transmitted to See also:London through the Daily See also:Telegraph.' Having made the first survey of Victoria Nyanza and confirmed Speke's guesses as to its shape and area,
Stanley passed on (half discovering Ruwenzori on the way) to the Congo.
Meanwhile the Zanzibar Arabs had reached Buganda in ever-
increasing See also:numbers as traders; but many of them were See also:earnest
' The See also:letter was entrusted to Linant de Bellefonds, a Belgian in the Egyptian service, who had been sent to Buganda by Gordon. On his return See also:journey Bellefonds was murdered by the Bari. When his body was recovered Stanley's letter was found concealed in one of his boots and was forwarded to England.propagandists of See also:Islam, and strove hard (with some success) to convert to that religion the king and chiefs of Buganda and adjoining countries. In 1877 the Rev. C. T. See also: In 1882 Islam gained an ascendancy, and the French with-See also:drew for a time. In the autumn of 1884 Mutesa died. A great See also:change had been wrought in Uganda during the Mutesa latter years of his reign. Calico, See also:fire-arms and succeede' ' swords had replaced the primitive bark-cloth and ayMwanga, See also:spear, while under the teaching of the missionary- 1884. engineer Mackay the native artisans had learnt to repair arms and use European tools. Mutesa was a See also:clever See also:man of restless See also:energy, but regardless of human life and suffering, and consumed by vanity. He was succeeded by Mwanga, a cruel, weak and vicious youth. The intrigues of the Arabs led him to suspect the designs of the missionaries. He was alarmed at their influence over numbers of his people and resolved to See also:stamp out Christianity.
In the early 'eighties the aspirations of several European powers turned towards Africa as a See also: Mr H. H. See also:Johnston was despatched on a scientific mission to See also:Kilimanjaro, and concluded See also:treaties on which the British East Africa Company was subsequently based. The vague stir of these movements had perturbed Mutesa, and they were regarded with deep suspicion by his successor, Mwanga. The annexations of Emin on Albert Nyanza, the visit of Thomson to the closed door of Busoga, the opposition of the Europeans to the slave trade, and, lastly, the See also:identification of the missionaries with See also:political embassies and their letters of introduction from See also:secular authorities, added to Mwanga's fears, and early in 1885, simultaneously with the return of the French Fathers, the long smouldering hostility See also:broke out, and the Christian converts were seized and burnt at the stake. See also:Bishop See also:Hannington, who attempted to enter Buganda See also:Murder of by the forbidden route from the east, was murdered, Bishop and the Rev. R. P. Ashe and Mackay only redeemed Hannington. their lives by presents. The Buganda Christians 1885. showed heroism, and in spite of tortures and death the religion spread rapidly. Mwanga now determined to rid himself of Christians and Mahommedans alike by inducing them to proceed to an See also:island in the lake, where he meant to leave them to starve. The See also:plot was discovered, and Mwanga fled to the south of the lake, and Kiwewa, his eldest See also:brother, was made king. The chiefs of the See also:rival creeds—British (Anglicans), French (Catholics), and Ba-Islamu, as they were called—divided the chiefships. The Mahommedans now formed a plot to oust the Christians, and treacherously massacred a number of their chiefs and then defeated their unprepared adherents. Kiwewa, refusing to submit to See also:circumcision, was (after Reilglous reigning three or four months) expelled by the Feuds. Ba-Islamu, who placed another brother, Kalema, on the throne and began a fanatical propaganda, forcing the peasantry to submit to the hated circumcision. The British and French factions, who had taken See also:refuge in Ankole, could not agree even in their common See also:exile, and nearly came to blows, but on the See also:spur of threatened See also:famine they agreed to combine and to take back Mwanga as their king and strike a See also:blow for supremacy in Buganda. In May 1889 Mwanga, aided by the trader Charles See also:Stokes, approached Buganda by water, and after several bloody battles captured the capital, but shortly afterwards was again defeated, and Kalema and the Ba-Islamu reoccupied Mengo (the native capital). Appeals for help were sent to See also:Frederick John See also:Jackson (subsequently lieutenant-governor of British East Africa), who had arrived on the east of the lake with a See also:caravan of some Soo rifles, sent by the newly-formed East African Chartered Company. He replied saying he would come if all the expenses were guaranteed and the British See also:flag accepted. Pere Lourdel, who was Mwanga's chief adviser at this time, counselled See also:acceptance of these terms, but Jackson at first marched in a different direction northwards. Re-turning three months later, he found that Dr Karl See also:Peters, a German in command of an " Emin Pasha See also:Relief " expedition, had passed through his See also:camp, read his letters, and, acting on the See also:information thus obtained, had marched to Buganda, arriving in See also:February 1890, where with the aid of Lourdel he French and concluded a treaty which was kept See also:secret from British the British party, who repudiated it. The Baganda Factions. Christians, before the arrival of Peters, had again engaged the Mahommedans and driven them to the frontier of Unyoro, where King Kabarega gave them an See also:asylum and aid. Kalema died later in the same year—1890—and was succeeded by Mbogo, a half brother of King Mutesa. The posts of honour had been divided between the rival factions. Peters's treaty had given fresh offence and added to the disputes arising in the See also:division of the offices of state, and the factions were on the point of fighting. Jackson arrived in See also:April with 18o gun-men (a portion of his caravan having mutinied), and presented a new treaty, which was refused by the French. Feeling ran high, and Jackson withdrew his treaty, and, taking a couple of envoys who should bring back word whether Uganda was to be French or British, he left the country, Mr Ernest Gedge remaining in See also:charge of his expedition. While these events were happening in Uganda the Anglo-German treaty of See also:July 1890 had assigned Uganda to Great See also:Lugard's Britain, and in See also:October 1890 Captain F. D. Lugard, Arrival, then at Kikuyu, halfway between the coast and the 1890. lake, received instructions to go to Uganda. He had with him Messrs De Winton and W. Grant, some 5o Sudanese soldiers, and about 250 porters, armed with Snider carbines. Marching with unprecedented rapidity, he entered Mengo on the 18th of See also:December. Lugard, by introducing the names " See also:Protestant " and " Catholic "—till then unknown—and by insisting that all religion was See also:free, endeavoured to dissociate it from politics, and urged that as Uganda was now under Great Britain there could be no hostile " French " See also:faction. This attitude was welcome to neither faction, and for some days the position of the new arrivals on the little knoll of Kampala was very See also:precarious. Lugard's first See also:object was to obtain a treaty which would give him a right to intervene in the See also:internal affairs of the country. The hostile French faction was much the stronger, since at this time the king (whom the whole of the See also:pagan party followed) was of that faction; but after some See also:critical episodes the treaty was signed on the 26th of December. Lugard then endeavoured to See also:settle some of the burning disputes relative to the division of lands and chiefships, &c., and to gain the confidence of both parties. In this he was to some extent successful, and his position was strengthened by the arrival in See also:January 1891 of Captain (subsequently Colonel) W. H. See also:Williams, R.A., with a small force of Sudanese and a See also:maxim. In April Lugard, hoping to achieve better results away from tl e capital, led the combined factions against the Mahommedans, then raiding the frontier, whom he defeated. Seeing that the situation in Buganda was impossible unless they had a strong central force, which the company could not provide, Lugard and Williams had formed the See also:idea of enlisting the Sudanese who had been left by Emin and Stanley at the south end of the Albert Lake. Taking with him Kasagama, the rightful king of Toro, he traversed the north of Ankole, with which country he made a treaty, and passing thence through Unyoro, along the northern slopes of Ruwenzori, reached Kavali at the south end of Lake Albert, defeating the armies of Unyoro who opposed his progress. He brought away with him 8000 Sudanese men, women, See also:children and slaves, under See also:Selim Bey (an Egyptian officer). Some of these he left at the posts he established along southern Unyoro. After an See also:absence of six months from Buganda, Lugard reached the capital at the end of the year (1891) with 200 or 300 Sudanese soldiers and two or three times that number of followers. Lugard little thought that in bringing these Sudanese, already (some of them) infected with the sleeping-sickness of the Congo forests, he was to introduce a disease which would kill off some 250,000 natives of Uganda in eight years. Meanwhile Williams, amid endless difficulties, with a See also:mere handful of men, had managed to keep the two factions from civil war, though fighting had actually occurred in Buddu and in the Sese Islands. After Lugard's return a See also:lull occurred till the coast caravan left, when lawlessness again broke out and several murders were committed. On the 22nd of January the civil Wsr, killing of a Protestant at the capital (Mengo) See also:pro- 18''t. duced a crisis. Lugard appealed to the king to do justice, but he himself was treated with scant See also:courtesy, and his See also:envoy was told that the French party would See also:sack Kampala if Lugard interfered on behalf of the murdered man. In spite of strenuous efforts on the part of the British See also:administrator to avert war the French party determined to fight, and finally attacked the British, who had assembled round Kampala. The king and French party were defeated and fled to the Sese Islands. The king and chiefs (except two ringleaders) were offered reinstatement, and they appeared anxious to accept these terms, but the French bishop joined them in the islands, and from that See also:day all hopes of peace vanished. Fighting was recommenced by a " French " attack on " British " canoes, and Williams thereupon attacked the island and routed the hostile faction. After this the " French " slowly concentrated in Buddu in the south, the Protestants migrating thence. Williams then led a successful expedition against the Sese islanders and went on to the south of the lake to obtain one of the See also:young princes—heirs to the throne—who were at the French mission there. But the Fathers were hostile, and though Mwanga was eager to accept Lugard's offers of reinstatement, he was a prisoner in the hands of his party. He succeeded eventually in escaping, and arrived in Mengo on the 3oth of March (1892). A new treaty was made, and the British flag flew over the capital, while the French party were given a proportion of chiefships and assigned the province of Buddu. These conditions they themselves said were liberal, nor could they have ventured to assume their old positions throughout Uganda. The Mahommedans had all this time refrained from attacking the capital as had been expected. They now clamoured for recognition, and Lugard went to meet them, and after a some-what precarious and very difficult interview he succeeded in bringing back their king Mbogo to Kampala, and in assigning them three See also:minor provinces in Uganda.' Lugard on his return to Uganda at the end of 1891 had received orders to evacuate the country with his whole force, as the company could no longer maintain their position. The A See also:reprieve till the end of 1892 followed, funds having Question of been raised through the efforts of Bishop See also:Tucker Evacuation, by the Church Missionary Society and See also:friends. 1892' The lives of many Europeans were at stake, for anarchy must follow the withdrawal, and it seemed impossible to repudiate the pledges to Toro, or to abandon the Baganda who had fought for the British. In See also:June 1892, therefore, Lugard determined to leave for England to appeal against the decision for See also:abandonment. Williams remained in Uganda, where the outlook was now fairly promising, and every effort ' Since reduced to one. was made to reduce expenses. On arrival in England Lugard found that the British Government had decided not to come to the help of the company, and Uganda was to be left to its See also:fate. A strong See also:movement was set on See also:foot for the " retention of Uganda," and on the loth of December See also:Lord See also:Rosebery aortal s despatched Sir Gerald Portal to report on the Mission. best means of dealing with the country, and a See also:subsidy was given to the company to enable them to retain their troops there till the 31st of March 1893. Captain (afterwards General Sir) J. R. L. See also:Macdonald, who had been in charge of a railway survey to Uganda, was directed to inquire into the claims put forward by See also:France for compensation for the priests. His report was set aside by the government, which, without admitting liability, but to close the controversy with France, agreed to pay £10,006 to the French priests, and the See also:foreign office published a categorical reply by Lugard to the accusations made. Portal and his staff reached Uganda in March, and Williams left soon afterwards with the See also:original troops of the company, leaving Selim Bey and the Sudanese and Portal's large escort in Uganda. The country on Portal's arrival See also:bore every mark of prosperity and revival. By in-creasing the territory of the Roman Catholics, and giving them estates on the road from Buddu to the capital, Portal gave effect to projects which the Protestants had violently opposed. He added also to their chiefships, and on the 1st of April hoisted the British flag, made a new treaty with Mwanga, and sent See also:Major See also:Roderick See also:Owen to enlist 400 Sudanese from the Toro colonies. He recommended to the imperial government the retention of Uganda (i.e. Buganda), the abandonment of Unyoro and Toro, and the construction of a railway half-way only to the lake. He departed after two and a half months' residence, leaving Macdonald in charge. During Macdonald's administration the Sudanese under Selim Bey began to conspire against the British control. The movement was checked and Selim Bey was deported to the coast.
In See also:November 1893 Colonel (Sir Henry) Colvile arrived to take charge, and at once led the whole of the Baganda See also:army co/,,He's against King Kabarega of Unyoro. Major R. Owen occupation defeated the hostile army, first in the south and "Unyoro. later in the north, and the Baganda chiefs scattered the main body, while Colvile occupied the capital and built a line of forts from Buganda to Lake Albert, of which he left Major A. B. Thruston in command. This officer fought a number of brilliant actions, and aided by Major (later Colonel) G. G. See also:Cunningham, Captain See also:Seymour Vandeleur, See also: In June 1894 Uganda (i.e. the kingdom of Buganda) was declared a protectorate, and at the end of the year Sir Henry Colvile was invalided. Mr F. J. Jackson now took temporary charge, pending the arrival in June 1895 of Mr E. J. L. Berkeley, the first administrator. At this time also it was decided to construct a railway to Uganda, but work was not begun till December 1896. Peace seemed assured in Uganda; territorial limits to religious teaching were abolished, See also:English Roman Catholic priests were added to the French Fathers, and the material progress of the country was very marked. European traders settled in the country, good permanent houses were built, roads were made and kept in repair, and many new industries introduced, chief among which were the expression of oil from various oilseeds and the cultivation of coffee. Trees were imported and land set aside for planting forests. The success of these efforts at progress was largely due to Mr G. Wilson, C.B., who had been sent to Uganda from East Africa as an assistant administrator in 1896. In this year also the protectorate was extended over Unyoro and Busoga.1 In the middle of 1897 this era of peace was rudely interrupted. Colonel Trevor Ternan was acting See also:commissioner, and Macdonald had returned to East Africa in command of an exploring expedi- tion, for which Ternan had been ordered to See also:supply 300 Sudanese. 1 Toro, Ankole, Bukedi and the other countries now included in the protectorate were added by Sir Harry Johnston in 1899-1901. In June Wilson discovered a plot to revolt, and in July Mwanga fled to the south of Buddu and raised the standard of See also:rebellion. The rebels were defeated, while Mwanga was made a prisoner by the Germans. Ternan, 8g~ unaware of the 1897. Rebellion of disaffection of his men, now sent three companies to Macdonald, selecting those who had been continuously fighting in Unyoro, Nandi and Buddu. This caused great discontent, which was increased by the fact that their pay was six months in arrears and their clothing long overdue. The men, too, resented the fact that their pay was but a fifth of that given to Zanzibari porters and to those of their own body enlisted in the adjoining protectorate. They were sore at again being sent on service without their wives, and complained of harsh treatment from their See also:officers. Necessaries had been delayed in the See also:attempt to import steamers from the coast before the railway was made. After Colonel Ternan's departure on leave the three companies who had joined Macdonald broke out into revolt in the Nandi district (East Africa) and set off to Uganda, looting the d countries they passed through. Macdonald and See also:Jack- Mutin su tiny. . son followed with a force of Zanzibaris. Meanwhile Major Thruston—a man justly loved by his soldiers, in whom he had See also:complete confidence—hurried to the See also:garrison at Luba's, near the Ripon Falls, relying on his See also:personal influence to control the men, and risking his life in the heroic attempt. He and two other Europeans were seized and made prisoners. On the 19th of October a See also:battle was fought between the mutineers and Macdonald's force, in which the former were defeated. The same See also:night the Sudanese leaders, fearful lest their men might submit, murdered Thruston and his companions and sent letters to Uganda to incite their comrades to See also:mutiny. Wilson, however, had already disarmed the troops in Kampala, who remained loyal, as also did Mbogo, the ex-king of the Baganda Mahommedans. A large Protestant army now went to the assistance of Macdonald, and from the 19th of October to the 9th of January the See also:siege of Luba's continued, with See also:constant skirmishes, among the killed being the Rev. G. Pilkington. Early in January Mwanga escaped from the Germans, and, declaring himself a See also:Mahommedan, reached Buddu with a large force, which Major Macdonald defeated with the aid of the Baganda army. He then disarmed the Sudanese garrisons in Buddu. The garrisons in Unyoro (about 500) and in Toro remained loyal. Meanwhile the Sudanese at Luba's (numbering 600, with Zoo Mahommedan Baganda) escaped, proceeded up the east See also:bank of the Nile and crossed the river, making their way to Mruli. It appeared probable that if they reached that point the Sudanese garrisons in Unyoro would revolt as well as the Baganda Mahommedans, and the last See also:hope of the Europeans would be lost. Leaving a small See also:column to deal with Mwanga's force in the south, and another with Kabarega, Macdonald pursued the mutineers, overtook them in the swamps of Lake Kioga, and after a couple of successful skirmishes returned to Kampala, leaving Captain (afterwards Colonel) E. G. See also:Harrison in command. That officer, See also:crossing a swamp supposed to be impassable, attacked the See also:rebel stockade at Kabagambi, and carried it with great gallantry. Captain Maloney was killed and Lieut. See also:Osborne wounded, but the crisis was past. A large number of See also:Indian troops arrived early in 1899, and in May Colonel C. G. See also:Martyr inflicted another heavy defeat on the mutineers at Mruli. Mwanga, however, managed to get through and join Kabarega and the rebels in the north. These were dealt with in a See also:series of engagements, but it was not till June 1899 that Colonel J. T. Evatt had the good See also:fortune to See also:capture Kings Mwanga and Kabarega, who were deported to the coast and subsequently removed to the See also:Seychelles, where Mwanga died in 19o3. Colonel Martyr at the close of the year (1899) undertook an expedition up the Nile, and extended the limits of the protectorate in that direction. Major H. H. See also:Austin, who had come up to Uganda in 1897 with Macdonald and had fought through the mutiny operations, revealed the regions north of Mt Elgon. Colonel C. Delme-See also:Radcliffe finally subdued the last remnant of the Sudanese mutineers in 19oo-19or. The year 1899 had been a costly one, 329,000 being voted in aid. In the autumn of 1899 Sir Harry Johnston was sent out as special commissioner to Uganda, being also given the rank of See also:commander-in-chief. By extensive reorganizations, and in spite of having to See also:cope with a rising in Nandi, his commission resulted in the reduction of expenditure and increase of local revenue. He gave the kingdom of Buganda a definite constitution, settled the land question in the provinces of Buganda, Busoga, Unyoro, Toro and Ankole, and also the question of native See also:taxation. By the treaty of Mengo, signed in March 1900, the young king of Buganda, Daudi Chwa, a son of Mwanga, born in 1896, was accorded the title of his Highness the Kabaka. During his minority the kingdom of Buganda was governed by regents. In 1900, the Uganda Protectorate was divided into six provinces, but in 1903 the Eastern and part of the Central provinces were transferred to the British East Africa Protectorate.
In 1902 the Uganda railway, begun in 1896, was finished. Its terminus is at Kisumu (Port Florence) on Kavirondo Gulf, Victoria Nyanza. It is some 58o m. long, ascends in places to altitudes of 7000 and 8000 ft. (highest point 8300 ft.), but has only one See also:tunnel. Its cost was about £5,300,000. (See BRITISH EAST AFRICA.)
Colonel Sir See also: See also:Sadler succeeded Sir Harry Johnston in 1902 and was transferred to East Africa in 1905. His See also:place in Uganda was taken by Sir Henry Hesketh See also:Bell, who was made the first governor of Uganda in 1906. The ravages of sleeping-sickness between 1901 and 1909 destroyed upwards of a See also:quarter of a million people, and the whole of the native See also:population had to be removed from the lake shores and the Sese Islands; but nevertheless the protectorate continued to make steady progress in civilization and in the development of its material resources. Its transit trade, especially with the Belgian Congo, became of great importance. To facilitate See also:commerce with the Congo and with the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and to open up the Busoga region the British government in 1910 voted money to build a railway from Jinja to Kakindu. The work was carried out under the superintendence of Captain H. E. S. Cordeaux, who became governor of the protectorate in 1910. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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