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pine forests, which once clothed the mountain and of which remnants exist on its northern slope, contributed to its sombre aspect. Up to the end of the 15th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when its territory became restricted to the mountainous districts immediately See also:

north and See also:

east of Mount Lovchen, the kingdom was known as the See also:

ZENTA

Zenta or Zeta, but the name Tzrnagora was probably used locally in this region from the See also:

time of the earliest See also:

SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic settlements. Montenegro extends between 41° 55' and 430 21' N., and between 18° 30' and 2o° E.; its greatest length from north to south is about See also:

LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m.; its greatest breadth from east to See also:

west about 8o m. It is bounded by the Adriatic See also:

AREA

Area and y BoundaNes. on the S., the seaboard extending for 28 m.; by the Primore, a See also:

STRIP

strip of the Dalmatian littoral, on the S.W. and W.; by the See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian (formerly Turkish) provinces Cf. the similarly-named Pzrna Planina in eastern Montenegro, Tcherni Vrkh, the culminating summit of Mount Vitosh in See also:

Bulgaria, and Mavro Vouno in the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

SALAMIS

Salamis. Various other explanations of the name Montenegro, mostly of a fanciful See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, have been put forward: see Kurt Hassert, " Der Name Montenegro " in Globus, No. 67, pp. 111-113 (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1895)., of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the N W. and N.; by the See also:

OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

EMPIRE

empire both in the sanjak of Novibazar, on the N. and N.E., and also in the vilayets of See also:

KOSSOVO

Kossovo and See also:

Scutari on the N.E., E. and S.E. Its area, as officially estimated after the treaty of See also:

Berlin had been enforced in 188o, amounts to 3255 sq. m., or considerably less than See also:

HALF

half the See also:

SIZE

size of See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales. The See also:

PRESENT

present frontier, which was not finally delimited till 1881, ascends the Boyana See also:

RIVER

river from its mouth as far as See also:

Lake Sass (Shas), then follows the river Megured to the summit of Mount Bratovitza, reaching Lake Scutari at a spot opposite the island of Goritza Topal. See also:

CROSSING

Crossing the lake north-east to a point a little south-east of Plavnitza, and leaving the territory of the Hoti and Kiementi tribes to the south, and the districts of Kutchka Kraina to the north, it passes north of the districts of Plava and Gusinye and reaches the western end of the Mokra Planina, where it turns to the north-west.

After crossing the Lim at its junction with the Skula, it coincides with the old frontier for some distance; then reaching the See also:

Tara at Maikovatz, it follows the course of that river to its junction with the Piva: turning southwards, it reaches the old frontier once more at Klobuk, and, passing between the See also:

DISTRICT

district of Grahovo and the Krivoshian Mountains, approaches to within a few See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of the Bocche di See also:

CATTARO (Serbo-Croatian Kotor)

Cattaro: then, following the maritime mountain ridges for a considerable distance, it rejoins the coast a little south of Spizza. See also:

PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Montenegro, which forms the See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-point of the Dalmatian, Bosnian and Albanian ranges, seems at first a See also:

mere See also:

CHAOS

chaos of mountains. It is, however, naturally divided into three parts, each with its own character. (1) Fertile and well-watered plains, not unlike those of See also:

LOMBARDY

Lombardy, border the river Zeta, and after its junction with the Moratcha extend along the course of that river to Lake Scutari. A fringe of similar See also:

LOWLAND

lowland forms the maritime See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain extending between the Sutorman range and the mouth of the Boyana. (2) Westward, under the shadow of Lovchen, is the Katunska, or " Shepherds' Huts," the See also:

CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle of Montenegrin See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty. This region presents a See also:

SURFACE

surface of hard crystal-line See also:

rock, See also:

BARE

bare and calcined, with strata sinking to the south-west at an See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle often of 700. The rocks have been split by atmospheric agencies into huge prismatic blocks, and the cracks have been gradually worn into fissures several fathoms deep. In some places the interior of the stony See also:

mass is hollowed out into galleries and caves, some of See also:

GREAT

great length; during the See also:

RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season subterranean landslips frequently produce See also:

LOCAL

local earthquakes, extending over an area of to or 12 m. The small basins of See also:

CETTIGNE (Servian, Tsetinye; also written Cettinje, Tzetinje, and Tsettinye)

Cettigne and Niegush are practically the only cultivable districts in this region. (3) Over the entire north stretch the massive mountain chains which See also:

LINK

link the Herzegovinian See also:

ALPS

Alps to those of See also:

ALBANIA

Albania, the scenery recalling that of See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland or the See also:

TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol. In the north-west there are finely wooded tracts extending north of Nikshitch to the Dormitor mountain See also:

GROUP

group.

The Dormitor district contains See also:

rich grassy uplands dotted with numerous small lakes, from which it derives its name of Yezera (the lakes) ; the See also:

rivers Tara and Piva flow through magnificent See also:

GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges clothed with rich forests, and unite near the extreme north of the frontier. On the north-east are the high but rounded Brda Mountains, covered with virgin See also:

FOREST

forest or Alpine pastures, and broken here and there by jagged dolomitic peaks. In the district of the Vasoyevitchi, which surrounds the little See also:

TOWN

town of Andriyevitza, is the See also:

FINE

fine See also:

double See also:

PEAK, THE

peak of Kom, and, a little to the south-west, the summit of Maglitch, commanding a magnificent view over the woody d valley of Gusinye to the great Prokletia range in Albanian. The contrast between the rich undulating landscape of the northern regions and the sterile calcined rocks of Montenegro proper is very remarkable. The Montenegrin mountain See also:

SYSTEM

system is divided into four masses: (1) the group enclosed by the Tara and Piva rivers with Dormitor, one of the highest mountains in the peninsula (9146 ft.), Yablo- Mountain nov Vrkh (7113 ft.), and the Vrkhove Pochoratz (66ot System andit.); (2) the group between the Zeta and the Moratcha See also:

GEOLOGICAL

Geological with Ostri-Kuk (7546 ft.), Vlasulya (7533 ft.), Brnik Formation. (686o ft.) and Maganik (6621 ft.) ; (3) the ranges between the Moratcha and Tara with Sto (7323 ft.) and Gradishte (7156 ft.) ; and (4) those between the upper Tara and the upper Lim with Kom, the second highest mountain in the country (Kom Kutchki, 8032 ft., Kom Vasoyevitchki, 7946 ft.), separating the districts of the Vasoye- vitchi on the north-east from that of the Kutchi on the south-west, and Visi tor (6936 ft.) on the frontier. In Montenegro proper the only prominent summit is Lovchen (5653 ft.), between Cettigne and the western frontier. Between Lake Scutari and the sea is the Sutorman range with the fine pyramidal summit of Rumiya (5148 ft.) 1 This mountain must be distinguished from the higher Maglitch (7699 ft.), on the northern frontier, near the junction of the rivers Tara and Piva.overhanging See also:

ANTIVARI (Montenegrin Bar, so called by the Venetians from its position opposite Bari in Italy)

Antivari. The prevailing formations of the north and east are Palaeozoic sandstones and See also:

SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists, with underlying See also:

TRAP (0. Eng. treppe or traepee, properly a step, as that or which an animal places its foot and is caught, cf. Ger. Treppe flight of stairs)

trap Throughout Montenegro the following have been identified- (I) Palaeozoic schists, (2) Wirfen strata of See also:

LOWER

Lower Trias, (3) Trap of the Palaeozoic and Wirfen strata, (4) Triassic See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone, (5) See also:

JURASSIC

Jurassic limestone, (6) Cretaceous limestone, (7) See also:

FLYSCH

Flysch, in part certainly See also:

EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene, (8) Neogenic or younger See also:

TERTIARY

Tertiary formations. The See also:

WATERSHED

watershed-between the Adriatic and the Black Sea crosses the country from west to east in a very irregular line, the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern districts being drained by the Zeta-Moratcha river system, which finds its way to the Adriatic by Lake Rivers and Scutari and the Boyana, while the streams from the Lakes. northern districts See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the headwaters of the Drina, which reaches the See also:

DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube by way of the See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save. The Zeta, rising in Lake Slano, near Nikshitch, is remarkable for its subterranean passage beneath a mountain range 1000 ft. high. At Ponor, not far from that town, the See also:

WATER

water vanishes in a deep chasm, reappearing at a distance of several miles on the other side of the mountains.

Its whole course to its junction with the Moratcha is about 30 M. Rising in the Yavorye Planina, the Moratcha sweeps through mountain gorges till it reaches the plain of Podgoritza; then for a space it almost disappears among the pebbles and other alluvial deposits, nor does it again show a current of any considerable See also:

VOLUME

volume till it approaches Lake Scutari. In the neighbourhood of Dukle2and Leskopolye it flows through a precipitous See also:

RAVINE

ravine from 5o to loo ft. high. In the dry season it is navigable from the lake to Zhabliak. The whole course is about 6o m. Of the See also:

LEFT

left-See also:

hand tributaries of the Moratcha the Sem or Tzem deserves to be mentioned for the magnificent See also:

CANON

canon through which it flows between Most Tamarui and Dinosha. On the one side rise the mountains of the Kutchi territory on the other the immense flanks of the Prokletia range—the walls of the See also:

GORGE

gorge varying from 2000 to 4000 ft. of See also:

VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical height. Lower down the stream the rocky See also:

banks approach so See also:

close that it is possible to leap across without trouble. The Sem rises in northern Albania, and has a length of 70 M. The Rieka issues full-formed from an immense See also:

cave south-east of Cettigne and falls into Lake Scutari. The three tributaries of the Drina which belong in part to Montenegro are the Piva, the Tara, and the Lim, respectively 55, 95 and 140 m. in length. The Tara forms the northern boundary of the kingdom for more than 50 m., but the Lim flows beyond the border after the first 30 M. of its course.

The western half of Lake Scutari, or Skodra, belongs to Montenegro; 2 Duklea is the name still See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the ruins of the See also:

ROMAN

Roman Doclea, often, but wrongly, written Dioclea, from its association with the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor See also:

Diocletian. the eastern, with Scutari itself, to Albania. It is a magnificent See also:

SHEET

sheet of water, measuring about 135 sq. m., with an See also:

AVERAGE

average See also:

DEPTH

depth of two to three fathoms. The northern end is studded with picturesque islands. The level of Lake Scutari underwent several changes in the 19th century; notably when the Drin, an Albanian river, which before 183o entered the Adriatic near See also:

San Giovanni di Medua, changed its course so as to join the Boyana just below its exit from the lake. This raised the level of the lake, flooding the lower valleys of its tributary streams and permanently enlarging its area. A few small lakes are scattered among the mountains, and it is evident that their number was formerly much greater. Montenegro proper (i.e. the departments of Katunska, Rietchka and Lieshanska) is almost absolutely waterless, the only stream being the Rieka, which probably drains the Cettigne See also:

basin by an underground outlet. Its lower course is practically an inlet from Lake Scutari, and is navigable up to the town of Rieka. The upland plain of Cettigne, now water-less, was doubtless the See also:

bed of a lake at no very distant (geological) See also:

period; it is still sometimes flooded after heavy rains. The scarcity of water largely contributed to the successful See also:

defence of the country against Turkish invasion : the few springs are hidden in deep crannies among the rocks, and the inhabitants are accustomed to preserve melted See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow for use during the summer. On the other hand, the Brdal and north-eastern districts are abundantly watered.

The maritime district possesses two small streams. See also:

CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate generally resembles that of northern Albania; it is severe in the higher regions, and comparatively mild in the valleys, while in the maritime districts of Antivari and See also:

DULCIGNO (Servian, Ultsin, Turk. Olgun)

Dulcigno it may be compared with that of central See also:

Italy. The mean See also:

ANNUAL

annual temperature is about 58° F. Snow lies for most of the See also:

YEAR

year on many heights, and in some of the darker gorges it is never thawed. The high basin of Cettigne (2093 ft.) is deeply covered with snow during the See also:

winter months, and the See also:

capital is sometimes almost inaccessible; in summer the days are hot, but the nights are cool and frequently chilly. The climate is generally healthy except in a few marshy districts. See also:

FLORA

Flora and See also:

FAUNA

Fauna.—The Alpine vegetation of the summits gives way to pine forests in the sub-Alpine See also:

ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone (about 6000 ft.) ; below these the See also:

BEECH

beech, and then the See also:

OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, the See also:

WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut, the See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear, and wild See also:

PLUM

plum make their appearance; the fig-See also:

tree, the mulberry, and the See also:

VINE

vine grow in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle Zeta and Moratcha valleys, the See also:

MYRTLE

myrtle, See also:

orange, See also:

LAUREL

laurel and See also:

OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive in the lower Moratcha region, and more abundantly in the Tzrmnitza and maritime districts. In the forest districts the beech is the prevailing tree up to a height of about 5000 ft. The See also:

CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut forms little groves in the country between the sea and Lake Scutari but never ascends more than moo ft. See also:

POMEGRANATE

Pomegranate bushes grow wild, and in many parts of the south See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the See also:

FOOT

foot of the hills with dense thickets, the See also:

CRIMSON

crimson blossoms of which are one of the See also:

SPECIAL

special charms of the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring landscapes. The leavey of the See also:

SUMACH

sumach (Rhus cotinus), which flourishes in the warmer districts, are exported for use in dye-See also:

WORKS

works; the See also:

PYRETHRUM

Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium supplies material for the manufacture of See also:

INSECT

insect-See also:

POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder; the See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of the wild plum (See also:

Corn'us mascula), as well as the See also:

GRAPE

grape, is employed for the See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of raki or rakiya, a mild spirit, which is a favourite beverage with the See also:

PEOPLE

people. Bears are still found in the higher forests; wolves, and especially foxes, over a much wider area.

A few See also:

CHAMOIS

chamois still roam on the loftiest summits, the See also:

roebuck is not infrequent in the backwoods, the wild See also:

BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar may be met with in the same district, and the See also:

hare is abundant wherever the ground is covered with herbage. There are one or two See also:

SPECIES

species of See also:

SNAKES

snakes in the country, including the poisonous Illyrian See also:

VIPER

viper (Vipera ammodytes). Esculent frogs, tree frogs, the See also:

COMMON

common See also:

TORTOISE

tortoise, and various kinds of lizards are all common. Scorpions and numerous See also:

REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles infest the arid rocks of the Katunska. The See also:

list of birds includes See also:

GOLDEN

golden eagles and vultures, twelve species of falcons, several species of owls, nightingales, larks, buntings, hoopoes, partridges, herons, pelicans, ducks (ten species), nightjars, &c. Immense flocks of water-See also:

FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl haunt the upper reaches of Lake Scutari. The rivers abound with See also:

TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout, See also:

TENCH (Tina vulgaris)

tench, See also:

CARP

carp and eels; the trout of the Moratcha are especially fine. More important from an economic point of view is the scoranze (Leuciscus alburnus: Servian uklieva), a See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of sardine, which supplies an See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

food and merchandise to a considerable portion of the See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population. The See also:

fish, which enter the Rieka inlet of Lake Scutari during the winter, are taken with nets during a few See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks in the spring, when the fishing season is inaugurated with a religious service; they are salted and exported in large quantities to See also:

TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; Slay. Trst; the Roman Tergeste, q.v.)

Trieste and the Dalmatian coast. The annual take is valued at £4000. The sea-See also:

FISHERIES

fisheries are of less value. As regards See also:

MINERAL

mineral resources, traces of See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and See also:

COAL

coal are said to exist; there is a natural See also:

PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum spring in the neighbourhood of Virbazar.

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