Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

BULGARIA, EASTERN

Online Encyclopedia

Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 786 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

» Make a correction to this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.

Encyclopedia Home :: BRI-BUN

Spread the word:

del.icio.us it!

See also:

BULGARIA
BULGARIA, EASTERN

BULGARIA, EASTERN , formerly a powerful See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom which existed from the 5th to the 15th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century on the See also:

MIDDLE

middle See also:

VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga, in the See also:

PRESENT

present territory of the provinces of See also:

SAMARA

Samara, See also:

SIMBIRSK

Simbirsk, See also:

SARATOV

Saratov and N. See also:

ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan, perhaps extending also into See also:

PERM

Perm. The See also:

VILLAGE

village See also:

BOLGARI, or BOLGARY

Bolgari near Kanzan, surrounded by numerous See also:

GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves in which most interesting archaeological finds have been made, occupies the site of one of the cities—perhaps the capital—of that See also:

EXTINCT

extinct kingdom. The See also:

HISTORY

history, Tarikh Bulgar, said to have been written in the 12th century by an Arabian See also:

CADI (g¢di)

cadi of the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city Bolgari, has not yet been discovered; but the Arabian historians, See also:

IBN

Ibn Foslan, Ibn Haukal, Abul Hamid Andalusi, See also:

ABU

Abu Abdallah Harnati, and several others, who had visited the kingdom, beginning with the loth century, have' See also:

LEFT

left descriptions of it. The Bulgars of the Volga were of See also:

TURKISH

Turkish origin, but may have assimilated Finnish and, later, Slavonian elements. In the 5th century they attacked the Russians in the See also:

Black See also:

Sea prairies, and afterwards made raids upon the Greeks. In 922, when they were converted to See also:

ISLAM

Islam, Ibn Foslan found them not quite nomadic, and already having some permanent settlements and houses in See also:

wood. See also:

Stone houses were built soon after that by Arabian architects. Ibn Dasta found amongst them See also:

agriculture besides See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle breeding. See also:

Trade with See also:

PERSIA

Persia and See also:

India, as also with the See also:

KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars and the Russians, and undoubtedly with Biarmia (Urals), was, however, their See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief occupation, their See also:

main riches being furs, See also:

leather, See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, nuts, See also:

WAX

wax and so on. After their See also:

CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to Islam they began See also:

BUILDING

building forts, several of which are mentioned in See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals. Their chief See also:

TOWN

town, Bolgari or Velikij Gorod (See also:

GREAT

Great Town) of the Russian annals, was often raided by the Russians.

In the 13th century it was conquerg1 by the See also:

MONGOLS

Mongols, and became for a See also:

time the seat of the khans: :>f.. the See also:

GOLDEN

Golden See also:

HORDE

Horde. In the second See also:

HALF

half of the 15th century Bolgari became See also:

PART

part of the Kazan kingdom, lost its commercial and See also:

POLITICAL

political importance, and was annexed to See also:

Russia after the fall of Kazan. (P. A.

End of Article: BULGARIA, EASTERN

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
BULGARIA

[next]
BULGARUS