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See also:THOMSON, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES (1822-1892) , See also:British physicist See also:acid engineer, was See also:born in See also:Belfast on the 16th of See also:February 1822, and, like his younger See also:brother, See also:Lord See also:Kelvin, at an unusually See also:early See also:age began to attend the classes at See also:Glasgow University, where his See also:father had been appointed See also:professor of See also:mathematics in 1832. After his See also:graduation he decided to study See also:civil See also:engineering, and for that purpose became a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil in several engineering offices and See also:works successively; but See also:ill-See also:health obliged him to leave them all, and he had finally to accept the fact that an occupation involving See also:physical exertion was out of the question. Accordingly, from about 1843, he devoted himself to theoretical See also:work and to See also:mechanical invention. To this See also:period belong his well-known researches in See also:thermodynamics, which enabled him to predict by the application of See also:Carnot's theorem that the temperature of the freezing point of substances which expand on solidifying must be lowered by the application of pressure, the See also:reverse being the See also:case with substances which See also:contract on solidification;
' Bysshe Vanolis: " Bysshe," as the commonly used See also:Christian name of See also:Shelley, Thomson's favourite writer; and " Vanolis," an See also:anagram of See also:Novalis—(F. von See also:Hardenberg).and he was able to calculate the amount by which a given pressure lowers the freezing-point of See also:water, a substance which expands on solidification. His results were experimentally verified in the physical laboratories of Glasgow University under Lord Kelvin's direction, and were afterwards applied to give the explanation of regelation. In 1861 he extended them in a See also:paper on See also:crystallization and liquefaction as influenced by stresses tending to See also:change of See also:form in the crystals, and in other studies on the change of See also:state he continued See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Andrews's work on the continuity of the liquid and gaseous states of See also:matter, constructing a thermodynamic See also:model in three dimensions to show the relations of pressure, See also:volume and temperature for a substance like carbonic acid. With regard to his inventions, he devised a See also:clever feathering mechanism for the paddles of steamboats when only a boy of sixteen, and later turned his See also:attention to water engines. In 185o he patented his " vortex water-See also:wheel," and during the next three or four years carried on inquiries into the properties of " whirling fluids," which resulted in improved forms of blowing-fans and water-turbines (see See also:HYDRAULICS). Settling in Belfast in 1851, he was selected to be the See also:resident engineer to the Belfast Water Commissioners in 1853, and four years later became professor of civil engineering and See also:surveying in See also:Queen's See also:College, Belfast. Thence he removed in 1873 to Glasgow as successor to Macquorn See also:Rankine in the See also:chair of engineering in the university, and retained this position until 1889, when the failure of his eyesight compelled him to resign. He died on the 8th of May 1892 at Glasgow. His contributions to See also:geological See also:science included studies of the parallel roads of Glen See also:Roy and of the prismatic jointing of See also:basalt, as seen at the See also:Giant's See also:Causeway. In 1876 and following years he studied the origin of windings of See also:rivers in alluvial plains and made many experiments with the aid of artificialstreams; and the currents of atmospheric circulation afforded him the material for the Bakerian lecture of 1892.
End of Article: THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
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