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See also:RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin) , a seaport of See also:Russia, 366 m. by See also:rail S.W. of St See also:Petersburg, the See also:capital of the See also:government of See also:Livonia. The Gulf of Riga, 100 m. See also:long and 6o m. in width, with shallow See also:waters of inconsiderable salinity (greatest See also:depth, 22 fathoms), freezes to some extent every See also:year. The See also:town is situated at the See also:southern extremity of the gulf, 8 m. above the mouth of the See also:Dvina, which brings Riga, by means of inland canals, into See also:water communication with the basins of the See also:Dnieper and the See also:Volga. Below the town the See also:river divides into several branches, among islands and sandbanks, receiving before it enters the See also:sea the Bolderaa river, and expanding towards the See also:east into wider lacustrine basins. Having See also:direct railway communication with the fertile parts of southern and See also:south-eastern Russia, Riga has become the second See also:port for See also:foreign See also:trade on the Baltic, ranking next after St Petersburg. The port freezes on an See also:average 127 days every year. The larger See also:ships cannot reach Riga, and are unloaded at Ust-See also:Dvinsk (formerly Dunamunde). By no means all the trade with the interior is transported by the See also:railways; no inconsiderable portion of the goods is carried by water.
Riga consists of four parts—the old town and the St See also:Peters-See also:burg and See also:Moscow suburbs on the right See also:bank of the Dvina, and the See also:Mitau suburb on the See also:left bank, the two sides being connected by a floating See also:bridge, which is removed in See also:winter, and by a viaduct, 82o ft: long. The old town still preserves its Hanseatic features—high storehouses, with spacious See also:granaries and cellars, flanking the narrow, winding streets. The only open spaces are the See also:market-See also:place and two other squares, one of which, facing the citadel, is adorned with a See also:granite See also:column erected (1818) in See also:commemoration of the defeat of See also:Napoleon I. in 1812. The suburbs, with their broad and quiet boulevards on the site of the former fortifications, are steadily growing, The St Petersburg suburb is the seat of the See also:German See also:aristocracy and See also:merchant community.
Few antiquities of the See also:medieval town remain. The See also:oldest See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, the Dom (St See also:Mary's), founded in 1215, was burned in 1547, and the See also:present See also:building See also:dates from the second See also:half of the 16th See also:century, but has been thoroughly restored since 1883. Its See also:organ, dating from 1883, is one of the largest in the See also:world. St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter's church, with a beautiful See also:tower 412 ft. high, was erected in 1406-9. The See also:castle, built in 1494-1515 by the See also:master of the Knights of the See also:Sword, See also:Walter von Plettenberg—a spacious building often rebuilt—is the seat of the See also:Russian authorities. The. " See also:House of the See also:Black Heads," a See also:corporation or See also:club of foreign merchants, was founded in 1330, and subsequently became the See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting-place of the wealthier youth of the place. Of the See also:recent erections, the See also:polytechnic, the. See also:exchange, the See also:monument of the German writer, Johann Gottfried von See also:Herder, who lived at Riga towards the end of the 18th century, the337
gymnasiums (See also:schools) of See also:Lomonosov and See also:Alexander I. and . the large bonded warehouse are worthy of See also:notice. The esplanade (where a See also:Greek See also:cathedral built in 1847-84 now stands), the Wohrmann See also:Park and the Imperial Park are much visited. Riga gives name to an archiepiscopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church and to an episcopal see of the See also:Roman See also:Catholic Church, and is the headquarters of the XX. See also:army See also:corps. In the environs, Dubbeln and the sea-bathing resorts of Bilderlingshof and Majorenhof have numerous visitors in summer.
The See also:population, which was 102,590 in 1867, increased to 168,728 in 1881 and to 282,943 in 1897, so that Riga now ranks seventh in the See also:empire in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of population; 47% of the inhabitants are Germans, 25% Russians and 23% Letts, with a small admixture of Esthonians, See also:Jews, &c. The See also:city has a commercial school (1903), a municipal library, the Dom museum, an See also:art museum with picture See also:gallery (1904–5), technical and theological See also:middle schools and a See also:pilot and See also:navigation school. See also:Industrial activity has See also:developed and includes railway-See also:carriage See also:works, works for the manufacture of machinery, oil See also:mills and breweries. Owing to its communication by water and rail with the forests of See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White. Russia and See also:Volhynia, Riga is a See also:great mart for See also:timber. See also:Flax and See also:linseed also occupy a prominent place, Riga being the See also:chief Russian port for the extensive flax-producing region of See also:north-See also:west Russia. Owing to the great railway which crosses the See also:country from Riga to See also:Smolensk, afterwards dividing into two branches, to See also:Orenburg and See also:Tsaritsyn on the See also:lower Volga respectively; Riga is the See also:store-house and place of export for See also:hemp coming by rail from west central Russia, and for See also:corn, Riga merchants sending their buyers as far east as See also:Tambov. Oats, in particular, are extensively exported to See also:England from the central provinces. See also:Wheat, See also:barley, eggs, See also:butter, oilcake, hides, See also:tallow, See also:leather, See also:tobacco, rugs, feathers and other items add considerably to the See also:total value of the exports, which increased from 1; million See also:sterling in 1851–6o to 8–14 millions sterling in 1901-5. The imports, consisting chiefly of See also:salt, See also:fish, See also:wine, See also:cotton, metals, machinery, See also:coal, See also:oils, fruits and tobacco, are also rapidly increasing: whereas in 1851-6o they were valued at about a million sterling, in 1901-5 they reached 6-114 millions sterling.
See also:History.—Riga was founded in 1158, as a storehouse at the mouth of the Duna (Dvina), by a few See also:Bremen merchants. About 'Igo the Augustinian See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk Meinhard erected a monastery there, and in 11gg-1201 See also:Bishop See also:Albert I. of Livonia obtained from See also:Pope See also:Innocent III. permission for German merchants to See also:land at the new See also:settlement, and See also:chose it for his seat, exercising his See also:power over the neighbouring See also:district in connexion with the See also:Teutonic Knights. As See also:early as the first half of the 13th century the See also:young city obtained the right of electing its own magistracy, and enlarged the walls erected during Albert I.'s See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. It joined the Hanseatic See also:League, and from 1253 refused to recognize the rights of the bishop and the knights. In 1420 it See also:fell once more under the See also:rule of the bishop, who maintained his authority until 1566, when it was abolished in consequence of the See also:Reformation. See also:Sigismund II., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Poland, took Riga in 1547, and in 1558 the Russians burned its suburbs and many ships in the river. In 1561 Gotthard See also:Ketteler publicly abdicated his mastership of the order of the Teutonic Knights; and Riga, together' with southern Livonia, became a See also:Polish See also:possession; after some unsuccessful attempts to reintroduce Roman Catholicism, See also:Stephen See also:Bathory, king of Poland, recognized the religious freedom of the See also:Protestant population. Throughout the 17th century Riga was a See also:bone of contention between See also:Sweden, Poland and Russia. In 1621 Gustavus See also:Adolphus, king of Sweden, took it from Poland, and held it against the Poles and the Russians, who besieged it in 1656. During the See also:Northern See also:War between Sweden and Russia, it was courageously defended (1700), but after the See also:battle of See also:Poltava it succumbed, and was taken in See also:July 1710 by the Russians. In 1781 it was made by Russia the capital of the Riga viceroyalty, but fifteen years later, the viceroyalty having been abolished, it was made the capital of Livonia. In 1812, the approach of the See also:French being apprehended, the suburbs were burned. (P. A. K.; J. T.
End of Article: RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin)
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