Online Encyclopedia
Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
SAINTES
Online EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Home :: SAC-SAR
del.icio.us it!
|
SAINTES , a See also:town of western See also:France, See also:capital of an See also:arrondissement in the See also:department of See also:Charente-Inferieure, 47 M. S.E. of La Rochelle by the railway from See also:Nantes to See also:Bordeaux. Pop. (1906), .town, 13,744; See also:commune, 19,025. Saintes is pleasantly situated on the See also:left See also:bank of the Charente, which separates it from its suburb of See also:Les Dames. It is of See also:interest for its See also:Roman remains, of which the best preserved is the triumphal See also:arch of Germanicus, dating from the reign of Tiberius. This formerly stood on a Roman See also:bridge destroyed in 1843, when it was removed and reconstructed on the right bank of the See also:river. Ruins of See also:baths and of an See also:amphitheatre are also to be seen. The amphitheatre,larger than that of See also:Nimes, and in See also:area surpassed only by the Coliseum, See also:dates probably from the See also:close of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd See also:century and was capable of holding 20,000 spectators. A Roman See also:building known as the Capitol was destroyed after the See also:capture of the town from the See also:English by See also: The See also:tower (15th century) is 236 ft. high. The See also: In 1242 St See also: The church of St Etienne dates from the 15th century, and the Romanesque church of the See also:abbey of Valbenotte is on the S.E. outskirts of the town. A valuable collection of arms and See also:armour, a picture See also:gallery, industrial collections, and a library with numerous See also:manuscripts are in the Palais See also:des Arts. St Etienne is the seat of a See also:prefect, and has an important school of See also:mining, and See also:schools of See also:music, See also:chemistry and See also:dyeing, &c. The town owes its importance chiefly to the See also:coal-See also:basin which extends between See also:Firminy and Rive-de-Gier over an area 20 m. long by 5 M. wide, and is second only to those of See also:Nord and Pas-de-See also:Calais in France. There are concessions giving employment to some 18,000 workmen and producing annually between 3,000,000 and 4,000,000 tons. The See also:mineral is of two kinds—smelting coal, said to be the best in France, and See also:gas coal. There are manufactures of See also:ribbons, trimmings and other goods made from silk and mixtures of See also:cotton and silk. This See also:industry dates from the See also:early 17th century, is carried on chiefly in small factories (See also:electricity supplying the See also:motive See also:power), and employs at its maximum some 5o,00o hands. The attendant industry of dyeing is carried on on a large See also:scale. The manufacture of See also:steel and iron and of heavy iron goods such as armour-plating occupies about 3000 workmen, and about half that number are employed in the See also:production of ironmongery generally. See also:Weaving machinery, cycles, automobiles and agricultural implements are also made. The manufacture of See also:fire-arms, carried on at the See also:national factory under the direction of See also:artillery See also:officers, employs at busy times more than 10,000 men, and can turn out 480,000 rifles in the See also:year. Private firms, employing 4500 hands, make both military rifles and sporting-guns, revolvers, &c. To these See also:industries must be added the manufacture of elastic fabrics, See also:glass, cartridges, See also:liqueurs, See also:hemp-cables, &c. At the close of the 12th century St Etienne was a See also:parish of the Pays de Gier belonging to the abbey of Valbenoite. By the middle of the 14th century the coal trade had reached a certain development, and at the beginning of the 15th century Charles VII. permitted the town to erect fortifications. The manufacture of fire-arms for the state was begun at St Etienne under See also:Francis I. and was put under the surveillance of state inspectors early in the 18th century. In 1789 the town was producing at the See also:rate of 12,000 muskets per annum; between See also:September 1794 and May 1796 they delivered over 170,000; and ,00,00o was the See also:annual See also:average throughout the See also:period of the See also:empire. The first See also:railways opened in France were the See also:line between St Etienne and Andrezieux on the Loire in 1828 and that between St Etienne and Lyons in 1831. In 1856 St Etienne became the administrative centre of the department instead of See also:Montbrison. ST EUSTATIUS and SABA, two islands in the Dutch See also:West Indies. St Eustatius lies 12 M. N.W. of St Kitts in 17° 5o' N. and 62° 40' W. It is 8 sq. m. in area and is composed of several volcanic hills and intervening valleys. It contains Orangetown, situated on an open roadstead on the W., with a small export trade in yams and sweet potatoes. Pop. (1908) 1283. A few See also:miles to the N.W. is the See also:island of SABA, 5 sq. m. in extent. It consists of a single volcanic See also:cone rising abruptly from the See also:sea to the height of nearly 2800 ft. The town, Bottom, See also:standing on the See also:floor of an old See also:crater, can only be approached from the See also:shore 800 ft. below, by a See also:series of steps cut in the solid See also:rock and known as the " See also:Ladder." The best boats in the Caribbees are built here; the See also:wood is imported and the vessels, when See also:complete, are lowered over the See also:face of the cliffs. Pop. (1908) 2294. The islands See also:form See also:part of the See also:colony of See also:Curacao (q.v.). See also:SAINT-EVREMOND, CHARLES DE MARGUETEL DE SAINT-See also:DENIS, SEIGNEUR DE (1610-1703), was See also:born at Saint-Denis-le-Guast, near See also:Coutances, the seat of his See also:family in See also:Normandy, on the 1st of See also:April Oro. He was a See also:pupil of the See also:Jesuits at the See also:College de Clermont (now Louis-le-See also:Grand), Paris; then a student at See also:Caen. For a See also:time he studied See also:law at the College d'See also:Harcourt. He soon, however, took to arms, and in 1629 went with See also:Marshal See also:Bassompierre to See also:Italy. He served through great part of the See also:Thirty Years' See also:War, distinguishing himself at the siege of Landrecies (1637), when he was made See also:captain. During his See also:campaigns he studied the works of See also:Montaigne and the See also:Spanish and See also:Italian See also:languages. In 1639 he met Gassendi in Paris, and became one of his disciples. He was present at Rocroy, at See also:Nordlingen, and at See also:Lerida. For a time he was See also:person-ally attached to See also:Conde, but offended him by a satirical remark and was deprived of his command in the See also:prince's See also:guards in 1648. During the See also:Fronde, Saint-Evremond was a steady royalist. The See also:duke of Candale (of whom he has left a very severe portrait) gave him a command in See also:Guienne, and Saint-Evremond, who had reached the grade of marechal de See also:camp, is said to have saved 50,000 livres in less than three years. He was one of the numerous victims involved in the fall of See also:Fouquet. His See also:letter to. Marshal Crequi on the See also:peace of the See also:Pyrenees, which is said to have been discovered by See also:Colbert's agents at the seizure of Fouquet's papers, seems a very inadequate cause for his disgrace. Saint-Evremond fled to See also: After See also: Pop. (1906) 2303. It stands on a See also: E.N.E. of See also:Aurillac by rail. Pop. (1906) 4090. The streets are dark and narrow, but the town has spacious promenades established in the 18th century. St Flour grew up round the tomb of St See also:Florus, the apostle of See also:Auvergne, who died there in the 4th century. The abbey founded there about the beginning of the 11th century became in 1317 an episcopal See also:chapter, and the town is still the seat of a bishopric. The cathedral (1396-1466) is the principal building. The manufacture of coarse woollen fabrics, of earthenware and candles is carried on. A few miles S.E. of the town the See also:gorge of the Truyere is spanned by the fine railway viaduct of Garabit over 600 yds. long and at a height of 400 ft. above the river. ST See also:GALL (Ger. St Gallen), one of the cantons of north-east See also:Switzerland, on the border of the See also:Austrian See also:province of the See also:Vorarlberg and of the See also:independent principality of See also:Liechtenstein. It entirely surrounds the See also:canton of See also:Appenzell, which, like a great part .of this canton, formerly belonged to the abbots of St Gall, while the " See also:enclave " of See also:Horn is in the canton of See also:Thurgau. Its area is 779.3 sq. m., of which 710.1 sq. m. are reckoned " productive," forests covering 157.1 sq. m. and vineyards 2.8 sq. m., while of the See also:remainder 2.8 sq. m. are occupied by glaciers. The See also:altitude above the sea-level varies from 1306 ft. (the See also:lake of See also:Constance) to 10,667 ft. (the Ringelspitz). The canton includes portions of the lake of Constance (21i sq. m.), of the See also:Walensee (rather over 7 sq. m.), and of the lake of See also:Zurich (4 sq. m.), and several small lakes wholly within its limits. Hilly in its N. region, the height gradually increases towards the S. border, while to its S. W. and E. extend considerable alluvial plains on the See also:banks of the See also:Linth and of the See also:Rhine. The two See also:rivers just named form in part its frontiers, the principal stream within the canton being the Thur (as regards its upper course), with the middle reach of its principal affluent, the Sitter, both forming part of the Rhine basin. It has ports on the lake of Constance (See also:Rorschach) and of Zurich (Rapperswil), as well as Weesen and Walenstadt on the Walensee, while the watering place of See also:Ragatz (q.v.) is supplied with hot mineral See also:waters from Pfafers. The See also:main railway lines from Zurich past Sargans for See also:Coire, and from Sargans past Altstatten and Rorschach for Constance, skirt its See also:borders, while the capital is on the See also:direct railway line from Zurich past Wil to Rorschach, and communicates by rail with Appenzell and with See also:Frauenfeld. In 1900 the See also:population of the canton was 250,285, of whom 243,358 were See also:German-speaking, 5300 Italian-speaking and 710 See also:French-speaking, while there were 150,412 " Catholics " (whether ST GALL-SAINT-GAUDENS extensive collection of embroideries of all ages and dates. There are a number of fine modern buildings, such as the See also:Bourse. The town is the centre of the Swiss See also:muslin, See also:embroidery and See also:lace trade. About ro,000 persons were in 1900 occupied in and near the town with the embroidery industry, and about 49,000 in the canton. See also:Cold and fogs prevail in See also:winter (though the town is protected against the north See also:wind), but the See also:heat in summer is rarely intense. In 190o the population was 33,116 (having just doubled since 1870), of whom almost all were German-speaking, while the Protestants numbered 17,572, the Catholics (Roman or " Old ") 15,006 and the See also:Jews 419.
The town of St Gall owes its origin to St Gall, an Irish See also:hermit, who in 614, built his See also:cell in the thick See also:forest which then covered the site of the future monastery, and lived there, with a few companions, till his death in 640. Many pilgrims later found their way to his cell, and about the middle of the 8th century the collection of hermits' dwellings was transformed into a regularly organized See also:Benedictine monastery. For the next three centuries this was one of the chief seats of learning and See also:education in See also:Europe. About 954 the monastery and its buildings were surrounded by walls as a See also:protection against the See also:Saracens, and this was the origin of the town. The temporal See also:powers of the abbots vastly increased, while in the 13th century the town obtained See also:divers privileges from the See also:emperor and from the See also: The abbot, too, became (in 1451) the ally of Zurich, See also:Lucerne, See also:Schwyz and See also:Glarus. In 1468 he bought the county of the See also:Toggenburg from the representatives of its counts, a family which had died out in 1436, and in 1487 built a monastery above Rorschach as a place of See also:refuge against the turbulent citizens, who, however, destroyed it in 1489. The Swiss intervened to protect the abbot, who (1490) concluded an alliance with them which'reduced his position almost to that of a " subject See also:district." The townsmen adopted the See also:Reformation in 1524, and this new cause of difference further envenomed their relations with the abbots. Both abbot and town were admitted regularly to the Swiss See also:diet, occupying a higher position than the See also:rest of the " allies " See also:save See also:Bienne, which was on the same footing. But neither succeeded in its attempts to be received a full member of the Confederation, the abbot being too much like a See also:petty monarch and at the same time a See also:kind of " subject " already, while the town could not help much in the way of soldiers. In 1798 and finally in 1805 the abbey was secularized, while out of its dominions (save the Upper Toggenburg, but with the Altstatten district, held since 1490 by the Swiss) and those of the town the canton Santis was formed, with St Gall as capital. (W. A. B. C.)
SAINT-GAUDENS, See also:AUGUSTUS (1848-1907), See also:American sculptor, was born in See also:Dublin, See also:Ireland, of a French father (a shoemaker by trade), and an Irish See also:mother, See also:Mary McGuinness, on the 1st of See also: E. Saint-Gaudens. In 1868 he went to Paris and became a pupil of See also:Jouffroy; in the 1 See also:cole des See also:Beaux-Arts. Two years later, with his See also:fellow-student See also:Mercie, he went to Italy, where he spent three years. At See also:Rome he executed his statues " See also:Hiawatha " and " Silence." He then settled in New York. In 1874 he-made a bust of the statesman, See also: The canton is one of the most industrial in Switzerland. Cotton-See also:spinning is widely spread, though cloth-weaving has declined. But the characteristic industry is the manufacture, mostly by See also:machines, of muslin, embroidery and lace. It is reckoned that the value of the embroideries and lace exported from the canton amounts to about one-seventh of the total value of the exports from Switzerland. The canton is divided into fifteen administrative districts, which comprise ninety-three communes. The existing constitution dates from 1890. The legislature or Grossrat is elected by the communes, each commune of 1500 inhabitants or less having a right to one member, and as many more as the divisor 1500, or fraction.over 750, justifies. Members hold See also:office for three years. For the See also:election of the seven members of the executive or Regierungsrat, who also hold office for three years, all the communes form a single electoral circle. The two members of the federal St¢nderat are named by the legislature, while the thirteen members of the federal Nationalrat are chosen by a popular See also:vote. The right of " facultative See also:referendum " or of " initiative " as to legislative projects belongs to any 4000 citizens, but in See also:case of the revision of the cantonal constitution ro,000 must sign the demand. The canton of St Gall was formed in 1803 and was augmented by many districts that had belonged since 1798 to the canton Linth or Glarus—the upper Toggenburg, Sargans (held since 1483 by the Swiss), Gaster and Uznach (belonging since 1438 to Schwyz and Glarus), Gams (since 1497 the See also:property of the same two members), Werdenberg (owned by Glarus since 1517), See also:Sax (bought by Zurich in 1615), and Rapperswil (since 1712 under the protection of Zurich, See also:Bern and Glarus). ST GALL, capital of the Swiss canton of that name, is situated in the upland valley of the Steinach, 2195 ft. above the sea-level. It is by rail 9 m. S.W. of Rorschach, its See also:port on the lake of Constance, and J3 in. E. of Zurich. The older or central portion of the town retains the See also:air of a small rural capital, but the newer quarters present the aspect of a modern commercial centre. At either extremity considerable suburbs See also:merge in the neighbouring towns of Tablat and of Straubenzell. Its chief building is the abbey church of the celebrated old monastery. This has been a cathedral church since 1846. In its present form it was constructed in 1756-1765. The famous library is housed in the former See also:palace of the abbot, and is one of the most renowned in Europe by See also:reason of its See also:rich treasures of early MSS. and printed books. Other portions of the monastic buildings are used as the offices of the cantonal authorities, and contain the extensive archives both of this monastery and of that of Pfafers. The See also:ancient churches of St See also:Magnus (Old Catholics) and of St See also:Lawrence (See also:Protestant) were restored in the 19th century. The town library, which is rich in Reformation and post-Reformation MSS. and books, is in the buildings of the cantonal school. The museum contains antiquarian, See also:historical and natural See also:history collections, while the new museum of industrial See also:art has an
into prominence. His statue of See also:Admiral See also:Farragut, See also:Madison Square, New York, was commissioned in 1878; exhibited at the Paris Salon in 188o and completed in 1881. It immediately brought the sculptor widespread fame, which was increased by his statue of See also:Lincoln (unveiled 1887), for Lincoln See also:Park, See also:Chicago. In See also:Springfield, See also:Mass., is his " See also:Deacon Chapin," known as " The Puritan." His figure of " Grief " (also known as " Death " and " The Peace of See also:God ") for the See also: Saint-Gaudens is rightly regarded as the greatest sculptor produced by America, and his work had a most powerful See also:influence on art in the See also:United States. In 1877 he married See also:Augusta F. See also:Homer and left a son, Homer Saint-Gaudens. His brother Louis (b. 1854), also a sculptor, assisted Augustus Saint-Gaudens in some of his works. See Royal Cortissoz, Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1907) ;Lorado See also:Taft, History of American Sculpture (1903), containing two chapters de-voted to Saint-Gaudens; See also:Kenyon See also:Cox, Old Masters and New (1905) ; C. See also:Lewis See also:Hind, Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1908). ST GAUDENS, a town of south-western France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Haute-See also:Garonne, r m. from the left bank of the Garonne, 57 M. S.S.W. of See also:Toulouse, on the railway to See also:Tarbes. Pop. (1906), town, 4535; commune, 7120. The church, once collegiate, dates chiefly from the 11th and 12th centuries, but the main entrance is in the flamboyant Gothic style. The town has sawing-, oil- and flour-See also:mills, manufactures woollen goods, and is a market for horses, See also:sheep and agricultural produce. St Gaudens derives its name from a See also:martyr of the 5th century, at whose tomb a college of canons was afterwards established. It was important as capital of the Nebouzan, as the See also:residence of the bishops of Comminges and for its cloth industry. SAINT-GELAIS, MELIN DE (1487-1558), French poet, was born at See also:Angouleme on the 3rd of See also:November 1487. He was the natural son of Octavien de St Gelais (1466-1502), afterwards bishop of Angouleme, himself a poet who had translated the Aeneid into French. Melin, who had studied at See also:Bologna and See also:Padua, had the reputation of being See also:doctor, astrologer and musician as well as poet. He returned to France in 1515, and soon gained favour at the See also:court of Francis I. by his skill in See also:light See also:verse. He was made See also:almoner to the Dauphin, abbot of See also:Reclus in the See also:diocese of See also:Troyes and librarian to the king at See also:Fontainebleau. He enjoyed immense popularity until the appearance of Du Bellay's Defense et See also:illustration . . . in 1549, where St Gelais was not excepted from the scorn poured on contemporary poets. He attempted to ridicule the innovators by See also:reading aloud the Odes of See also:Ronsard with See also:burlesque emphasis before Henry II., when the king's See also:sister, See also:Margaret of Valois, seized the See also:book and read them herself. Ronsard accepted Saint-Gelais's See also:apology for this incident, but Du Bellay satirized the offender in the Pate courtisan. In 1554 he collaborated, perhaps with See also:Francois Habert (152o-1574?), in a See also:translation of the Sophontsbe of Trissino which was represented (1554) before See also:Catherine de Medicis at See also:Blois. Saint-Gelais was the See also:champion of the style marotique and the earliest of French sonneteers. He died in 1558 His fEuvres were edited in 1893 (3 vols., Bibl. elzevirienne) by Prosper Blanchemain. SAINT-GEORGES, GEORGES See also:HENRI VERNOY DE (1799-1875), French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 7th of November 1799. Saint-Louis ou les deux diners (1823), a See also:vaudeville written in collaboration with See also:Alexandre Tardif, was followed by a series of operas and ballets. In 1829 he became manager of the See also:Opera Comique. Among his more famous libretti are: Le Val d'Andorre (1848) for See also:Halevy, and La Fille du regiment (184o) for See also:Donizetti. He wrote some fifty pieces in collaboration with See also:Eugene See also:Scribe, Adolphe de Leuven, or See also:Joseph Mazillier, and a great number in collaboration with other authors. Among his novels may be mentioned Un Mariage de prince. Saint-Georges died in Paris on the 23rd of See also:December 1875. SAINT-GERMAIN, See also:COMTE DE (c. 1710-c. 1780) called der Wundermann, a celebrated adventurer who by the assertion of his See also:discovery of some extraordinary secrets of nature exercised considerable influence at several See also:European courts. Of his parentage and place of See also:birth nothing is definitely known; the See also:common version is that he was a Portuguese See also:Jew, but various surmises have been made as to his being of royal birth. It was also stated that he obtained his See also:money, of which he had abundance, from acting as See also:spy to one of the European courts. But this is hard to maintain. He knew nearly all the European languages, and spoke German, English, Italian, French (with a Piedmontese See also:accent), Portuguese and Spanish. See also:Grimm affirms him to have been the See also:man of the best parts he had ever known. He was a musical composer and a capable violinist. His knowledge of history was comprehensive, and his accomplishments as a chemist, on which be based his reputation, were in many ways real and considerable. He pretended to have a See also:secret for removing flaws from diamonds, and to be able to transmute metals. The most remarkable of his professed discoveries was of a liquid which could prolong See also:life, and by which he asserted he had himself lived 2000 years. After spending some time in See also:Persia, Saint-Germain is mentioned in a letter of See also:Horace See also:Walpole's as being in London about 1743, and as being arrested as a Jacobite spy and released. Walpole says: " He is called an Italian, a Spaniard, a See also:Pole; a somebody that married a great See also:fortune in See also:Mexico and ran away with her jewels to See also:Constantinople; a See also:priest, a fiddler, a vast nobleman." At the court of Louis XV., where he appeared about 1748, he exercised for a time extraordinary influence and was employed on secret See also:missions by Louis XV.; but, having interfered in the dispute between See also:Austria and France, he was compelled in See also:June 176o, on See also:account of the hostility of the duke of See also:Choiseul, to remove to England. He appears to have resided in London for one or two years, but was at St See also:Petersburg in 1762, and is asserted to have played an important part in connexion with the See also:conspiracy against the emperor Peter III. in See also:July of that year, a See also:plot which placed Catherine II. on the See also:Russian See also:throne. Fie then went to See also:Germany, where, according to the Memoires authentiques of See also:Cagliostro, he was the founder of See also:freemasonry, and initiated Cagliostro into that rite. He was again in Paris from 1770 to 1774, and after frequenting several of the German courts he took up his residence in See also:Schleswig-See also:Holstein, where he and the See also:Landgrave Charles of See also:Hesse pursued together the study of the " secret " sciences. He died at Schleswig in or about 1780-1785, although he is said to have been seen in Paris in 1789. See also:Andrew See also:Lang in his Historical Mysteries (1904) discusses the career of Saint-Germain, and cites the various authorities for it. Saint-Germain figures prominently in the correspondence of Grimm and of See also:Voltaire. See also Oettinger, See also:Graf Saint-German (1846); F. Bulau, Geheime Geschichten and rathselhafte Menschen, See also:Band i. (1850-1860); Lascelles See also:Wraxall, Remarkable Adventures (1863); and U. See also:Birch in the Nineteenth Century (See also:January 1908). SAINT-GERMAIN, See also:CLAUDE LOUIS, COMTE DE (1707-1778), French general, was born on the 15th of April 1707, at the See also:Chateau of Vertamboz. Educated at Jesuit schools, he intended to enter the priesthood, but at the last See also:minute obtained from Louis XV. an See also:appointment as sub-See also:lieutenant. He left France, according to the See also:gossip of the time, because of a See also:duel; served under the elector See also:palatine; fought for See also:Hungary against the See also:Turks, and on the outbreak of the war of the Austrian See also:Succession (1740) joined the See also:army of the elector of See also:Bavaria (who later became emperor under the name of Charles VII.), displaying such bravery that he was promoted to the grade of lieutenant See also: W.N.W. of Paris by rail. Pop. (1906), town, 14,974; commune, 17,288. Built on a hill on the left bank of the Seine, nearly 300 ft. above the river, and on the edge of a forest xo,000 to 11,000 acres in extent, St Germain has a bracing See also:climate, which makes it a place of summer residence for Parisians. The See also:terrace of St Germain, constructed by A.Lenotre in 1672, is 12 M. long and rooft.wide; it was planted with See also:lime trees in 1745 and affords an extensive view over the valley of the Seine as far as Paris and the surrounding hills: it ranks as one of the finest promenades in Europe. A-monastery in honour of St Germain, bishop of Paris, was built in the forest of Laye by King Robert. Louis VI. erected a See also:castle close by. Burned by the English, rebuilt by Louis IX., and again by Charles V., this castle did not reach its full development till the time of Francis I., who may be regarded as the real founder of the building. A new castle was begun by Henry II. and completed by Henry IV.; it was subsequently demolished, with the exception of the so-called Henry IV. See also:pavilion, where See also:Thiers died in 1877. The old castle has been restored to the state in which it was under Francis I. The restoration is particularly skilful in the case of the See also:chapel, which dates from the first half of the .13th century. In the church of St Germain is a See also:mausoleum erected by See also:George IV. of England (and restored by See also:Queen See also:Victoria) to the memory of James II. of England, who after his deposition resided in the castle for twelve years and died there in 1701. In one of the public squares is a statue of Thiers. At no great distance in the forest is the Couvent des Loges, a See also:branch of the educational See also:establishment of the Legion of Honour (St Denis). The fete des Loges (end of August and beginning of September) is one of the most popular in the neighbourhood of Paris. ST GERMANS, a small town in the See also:Bodmin See also:parliamentary See also:division of See also:Cornwall,England,pleasantly situated on the river Lynher, 92 m. W. by N. of See also:Plymouth by the Great Western railway. Pop. (1901) 2384. It contains a fine church dedicated to St Germanus. The west front is flanked by towers both of which are See also:Norman in the See also:lower parts,the upper part being in the one Early English and in the othei Perpendicular. The front itself is wholly Norman, having three windows above a See also:porch with a beautiful ornate See also:door-way. Some Norman work remains in the See also:body of the church, but the most part is Perpendicular or Decorated. Port See also:Eliot, a neighbouring See also:mansion, contains an excellent collection of pictures, notably several works of See also:Sir See also:Joshua See also:Reynolds. St Germans is supposed to have been the See also:original seat of the Cornish bishopric. It was the see of Bishop Burhwold, who died in 1027. Under See also:Leofric, who became bishop of Creditor and Cornwall in ro46, the see was removed to See also:Exeter. Bishop Leofric founded a priory at St Germans and bestowed upon it twelve of the twenty-four hides which in the time of the See also:Confessor constituted the bishops' See also:manor of St Germans. There was then a market on Sundays, but at the time of the Domesday Survey this had been reduced to nothing owing to a market established by the See also:count of See also:Mortain on the same See also:day at Trematon castle. In 1302 the See also: S.S.E. of Nimes by road. Pop. (1906) 5292. In the middle ages St Gilles, the ancient Vallis Flaviana, was the seat of an abbey founded towards the end of the 7th century by St Aegidius (St Gilles). It acquired See also:wealth and power under the counts of Toulouse, who added to their See also:title that of counts of St Gilles. The church, which survives, was founded in 1116 when the abbey was at the height of its prosperity. The lower part of the front (12th century) has three bays decorated with columns and bas-reliefs, and is the richest example of Romanesque art in See also:Provence. The rest of the church is unfinished, only the crypt (12th century) and part of the choir, containing a See also:spiral See also:staircase, being of interest. Besides the church there is a Romanesque house serving as See also:presbytery. The decadence of the abbey dates from the early years of the 13th century when the See also:pilgrimage to the tomb of the saint became less popular; the monks also lost the patronage of the counts of Toulouse, owing to the See also:penance inflicted by them on See also:Raymond VI. in 1209 for the See also:murder of the papal See also:legate See also:Pierre de See also:Castelnau. St Gilles was the seat of the first grand priory of the Knights Hospitallers in Europe (12th century) and was of See also:special importance as their place of embarkation for the East. In 1226 the countship of St Gilles was united to the crown. In 1562 the Protestants ravaged the abbey, which they occupied till 1622, and in 1774 it was suppressed. ST GIRONS, a town of south-western France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of See also:Ariege, 29 m. W. of See also:Foix by rail. Pop. (1906) 5216. The town is situated on the Salat at the See also:foot of the Pyrenees. There are mineral springs at Audinac in the vicinity, and the watering-place of Aulus, about 20 M. to the S.S.E., is reached by road from St. Girons. St Lizier-de-Couserans (q.v.), an ancient episcopal town, is x m. N.N.W. ST GOAR, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine Province, on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite St Goarshausen and just below the famous See also:Lorelei, 12 M. above See also:Boppard by the railway from See also:Coblenz to See also:Mainz. Pop. (1905) 1475. It is in part surrounded by the ruins of its old walls, and contains an Evangelical church, with some Renaissance monuments, and a Roman See also:Catholic church with an See also:image of St Goar of Aquitania, around whose chapel the place originally arose. Below the town, high on an See also:eminence above the Rhine, stands Schloss Rheinfels, the property of the king of See also:Prussia, the most perfect of the feudal castles on the banks of the river. In the later middle ages St Goar was the capital of the county of Katzenelnbogen, and on the extinction of this family it passed to Hesse-See also:Cassel. It came into the See also:possession of Prussia in 1815. ST GOTTHARD PASS, the principal route from northern Europe to Italy. It takes its name (it is not known wherefore') from St Gotthard, bishop of See also:Hildesheim (d. 1038), but does not seem to be mentioned before the early 13th century, perhaps because the See also:access to it lies through two very narrow Alpine valleys, much exposed to avalanches. The See also:hospice on the See also:summit is first mentioned in 1331, and from 1683 onwards was in See also:charge of two Capuchin friars. But in 1775 the buildings near it were damaged by an See also:avalanche, while in 1799–1800 everything was destroyed by the French soldiery. Rebuilt in 1834, the hospice was burnt in March 1905. The See also:mule path (dating from about 1293) across the pass served for many centuries, for though Mr Greville, in 1775, succeeded in taking a light See also:carriage across, the carriage-road was only constructed between 182o and 183o. Now the pass is deserted in favour of the great See also:tunnel (pierced in 1872–188o, 91 M. in length, and attaining a height of J786 ft.), through which runs the railway (opened in 1882) from Lucerne to See also:Milan (1751 m.), one of the greatest See also:engineering feats of the 19th century. It runs mainly along the eastern shore of the Lake of Lucerne, from Lucerne to Fliielen (321 m.), and then up the See also:Reuss valley past See also:Altdorf and Wassen, near which is the first of the famous spiral tunnels, to Goeschenen (56 m. from Lucerne). Here the line leaves the Reuss valley to pass through the tunnel and so gain, at Airolo, the valley of the See also:Ticino or the Val Leventina, which it descends, through several spiral tunnels, till at Biasca (38 m. from Goeschenen) it reaches more level ground. Thence it runs past See also:Bellinzona to See also:Lugano (3o1 M. from Biasca) and reaches Italian territory at Chiasso, 35 M. from Milan. In 1909 the Swiss government exercised the right accorded to it by the agreement of 1879 of buying the St Gotthard Railway from the See also:company which built it within thirty years of that date. (W. A. B. C.) ST See also:HELENA, an island and See also:British possession in the South See also:Atlantic in 15° 55' 26" S•, 5° 42' 30" W. (Ladder Hill See also:Observatory). It lies 700 M. S.E. of the island of See also:Ascension (the nearest See also:land), 1200 M. W. of See also:Mossamedes (the nearest See also:African port), 1695 N.W. of Cape Town, and is distant from See also:Southampton 4477 M. It has an area of about 47 sq. m., the extreme length from S.W. to N.E. being See also:lot m. and the extreme breadth 84. The island is of volcanic formation, but greatly changed by oceanic See also:abrasion and atmospheric denudation. Its principal feature, a semi-circular See also:ridge of mountains, open towards the south-east and south, with the culminating summit of See also:Diana's See also:Peak (2704 ft.) is the northern rim of a great crater; the southern rim has disappeared, though its debris apparently keeps the sea shallow (from 20 to 50 fathoms) for some 2 M. S.E. of Sandy See also:Bay, which hypothetically forms the centre of the See also:ring. From the crater See also:wall outwards See also:water-cut See also:gorges stretch in all directions, widening as they approach the sea into valleys, some of which are woo ft. deep, and measure one-eighth of a mile across at bottom and three-eighths across the See also:top (Melliss). These valleys contain small streams, but the island has no rivers properly so called. Springs of pure water are, however, abundant. Along the enclosing hillsides caves have been formed by the washing out of the softer rocks. Basalts, andesites and phonolites, represent the chief flows. Many dikes and masses of basaltic rock seem to have been injected subsequently to the last volcanic eruptions from the central crater. The See also:Ass's Ears and Lot's Wife, picturesque pinnacles standing out on the S.E. part of the crater ridge, and the See also:Chimney on the See also:coast south of Sandy Bay, are formed out of such injected dikes and masses. In the neighbourhood of Man and See also:Horse (S.W. corner of the island), throughout an area of about .40 acres, scarcely 50 sq. yds. exist not crossed by a dyke. On the leeward (northern) See also:side of St Helena the sea-face is generally formed by cliffs from 600 to r000 ft. high, and on the windward side these heights rise to about 2000 ft., as at Holdfast Tom, Stone Top and Oid See also:Joan Point. The only practicable landing-place is on the leeward side at St James's Bay—an open roadstead. From the See also:head of the bay a narrow valley extends for 11 m. The greatest extent of level ground is in the N.E. of the island, where are the See also:Deadwood and Long-wood plains, over 1700 ft. above the sea. Climate.—Although it lies within the tropics the climate of the island is healthy and temperate. This is due to the south-east trade-wind, See also:constant throughout the year, and. to the effect of the cold waters of the South Atlantic current. As a result the temperature varies little, ranging on the sea level from 68° to 84° in summer and 57° to 70° in winter. The higher regions are about 10 cooler. The.rainfall varies considerably, being from 30 to 50 in. a year in the hills. See also:Flora.—St Helena is divided into three vegetation zones: (1) the coast See also:zone, extending inland for i m. to 12 m., formerly clothed with a luxuriant vegetation, but now " dry, barren, soilless, See also:lichen-coated, and rocky," with little save prickly See also:pears, See also:wire grass and Mesembryanthemum; (2) the middle zone (400-1800 ft.), extending about three-quarters of a mile inland, with shallower valleys and grassier slopes—the English See also:broom and gorse, brambles, willows, poplars, Scotch pines, &c., being the prevailing forms; and (3) the central zone, about 3 in. long and 2 M. wide, the home, for the most part, of the indigenous flora. According to W. B. Hemsley (in his See also:report on the See also:botany of the Atlantic Islands),' the certainly indigenous See also:species of See also:plants are 65, the probably indigenous 24 and the doubtfully indigenous 5; total 94. Of the 38 flowering plants 20 are shrubs or small trees. With the exception of Scir pus nodosus, all the 38 are See also:peculiar to the island ; and the same is true of 12 of the 27 vascular cryptogams (a remarkable proportion). Since the flora began to be studied, two species—Melhania melaiwxylon and Acalypha rubra—are known to have become See also:extinct; and at least two others have probably shared the same See also:fate—Heliotropium pennifolium and Demazeria obliterata. Melhania melanoxylon, or
native See also:ebony," once abounded in parts of the island now barren; but the young trees were allowed to be destroyed by the goats of the early settlers, and it is now extinct. Its beautiful congener Melhania erythroxylon (" redwood ") was still tolerably plentiful in 181o, but is now reduced to a few specimens. Very rare, too, has become Pelargonium cotyledons, called " Old Father Live-for-ever," from its retaining vitality for months without See also:soil or water. Commidendron robustum (" gumwood "), a See also:tree about 20 ft. high, once the most abundant in the island, was represented in 1868 by about 1300 or 1400 examples; and Commidendron rugosum (" scrubwood ") is. confined to somewhat limited regions. Both these plants are characterized by a See also:daisy- or See also:aster-like blossom. The See also:affinities of the indigenous flora of St Helena were described by Sir Joseph See also: The See also:oak, thoroughly naturalized, grows alongside of the See also:bamboo and See also:banana. Among other trees and plants are the common English gorse ; Rubus pinnatus, probably introduced from See also:Africa about 1775; Hypochaeris radicata, which above 1500 ft. forms the See also:dandelion of the See also:country; the beautiful but aggressive Buddleia Madagascariensis; Physalis See also:Peru viana; the common See also:castor-oil plant; and the See also:pride of See also:India. The See also:peepul is the principal shade tree in See also:Jamestown, and in Jamestown valley the date-See also:palm grows freely. See also:Orange and See also:lemon trees, once common, are now scarce.
See also:Fauna.—St Helena possesses no indigenous vertebrate land fauna. The only land See also:groups well represented are the beetles and the land shells. T. V. See also:Wollaston, in See also:Coleoptera Sanctae Helenae (1877),,shows that out of a total See also:list of 203 species of beetles 129 are probably aboriginal and'128 peculiar to the island—an individuality perhaps unequalled in the world. More than two-thirds are weevils and a vast See also:majority wood-borers, a fact which bears out the tradition of forests having once covered the island. The See also:Hemiptera and the land-shells also show a strong residuum of peculiar genera and species. A South American See also: Practically everything had to be rebuilt with See also:teak or See also:cypress—the only See also:woods the white ant cannot devour. Fortunately it cannot live in the higher parts of the island. The See also:honey-See also:bee, which throve for some time after its introduction, again died out (cf. A. R. Wa,lace; Island Life, 1880). Besides domestic animals the only land mammals are rabbits, rats and mice, the rats being especially abundant and building their nests in the highest trees. Probably the only endemic land See also:bird is the wire bird, Aegialitis sanctae Helenae; the averdevat, See also:Java See also:sparrow, See also:cardinal, ground-See also:dove, See also:partridge (possibly the See also:Indian chukar), See also:pheasant and See also:guinea-See also:fowl are all common. The See also:pea-fowl, at one time not uncommon in a See also:wild state, is long since exterminated. There are no See also:freshwater See also:fish, beetles or shells. Of sixty-five species of sea-fish caught off the island seventeen are peculiar to St Helena; economically the more important kinds are See also:gurnard,See also:eel, See also:cod,See also:mackerel, See also:tunny, bullseye, cavalley, See also:flounder, hog-fish, See also:mullet and skulpin. Inhabitants.—When discovered the island was uninhabited. The majority of the population are of mixed European (British, Dutch, Portuguese), East Indian and African descent—the See also:Asiatic See also:strain perhaps predominating; the majority of the early settlers having been previously members of the crews of See also:ships returning to Europe from the East. From 184o onward for a considerable period See also:numbers of freed slaves of West African origin were settled here by men-of-war engaged in suppressing the slave trade. Their descendants form a distinct See also:element ' In the "Challenger" expedition reports, Botany, vol. i. (1885). in the population. Since the substitution of steamships for sailing vessels and the introduction of new methods of preserving See also:meat and vegetables (which made it unnecessary for sailing vessels to take fresh provisions from St Helena to avoid See also:scurvy) the population has greatly diminished. In 1871 there were 6444 inhabitants; in 1909 the civil population was estimated at 3553. The death-rate that year, 6.4 per 1000, was the lowest on See also:record in the island. The only town, in which live more than half the total population, is Jamestown. Longwood, where See also:Napoleon died in 1821, is 32 M. E. by S. of Jamestown. In 1858 the house in which he lived and died was presented by Queen Victoria. to Napoleon III., who had it restored to the See also:condition, but unfurnished, in which it was at the time of See also:Bonaparte's death. Agriculture, Industries, &c.—Less than a third of the area of the island is suitable for farming, while much of the area which might be (and formerly was) devoted to raising crops is under grass. The principal See also:crop is potatoes, which are of very See also:good quality. They were chiefly sold to ships—especially to " passing " ships. They are now occasionally exported to the Cape. See also:Cattle and sheep were raised in large numbers when a See also:garrison was maintained, so that difficulty has been found in disposing of surplus stock now that the troops have been withdrawn. The economic conditions which formerly prevailed were entirely altered by the substitution of steamers for sailing vessels, which caused a great decrease in the number of ships calling at Jamestown. A remedy was sought in the establishment of industries. An See also:attempt made in 1869–1872 to cultivate See also:cinchona proved unsuccessful. See also:Attention was also turned to the See also:aloe (Furcraea gigantea), which grows wild at See also:mid elevations, and the New See also:Zealand See also:flax (See also:Phormium tenax), an introduced plant, for their utilization in the manufacture of fibre. From 1875 to 1881 a company ran a See also: Trade is chiefly dependent upon the few ships that See also:call at Jamestown—now mostly whalers or vessels in See also:distress. There is also some trade with ships that " pass " without " calling."' In thirty years (1877–1907) the number of ships " calling " at the port sank from 664 with 449,724 See also:tonnage to 57 with 149,182 tonnage. In the last-named year the imports were valued at £35,614; the exports (excluding specie) at £1787—but the goods supplied to " passing " vessels do not figure in these returns. In 1908 fibre and See also:tow (valued at £3557) were added to the exports, and in 1909 a good trade was done with Ascension in sheep. St Helena is in direct telegraphic communication with Europe and South Africa, and there is a See also:regular monthly See also:mail steamship service. Government, See also:Revenue, &c.—St Helena is a Crown colony. The island has never had any form of See also:local legislative chamber, but the See also:governor (who also acts as chief See also:justice) is aided by an executive See also:council. The governor alone makes See also:laws, called ordinances, but legislation can also be effected by the Crown by order in council. The revenue, £10,287 in 1905, had fallen in 1909 to £8778 (including a grant in aid of £2500), the See also:expenditure in each of the five years (1905–1909) being in excess of the revenue. Elementary education is provided in government and private schools. St Helena is the seat of an See also:Anglican bishopric established in 1859. Ascension and See also:Tristan da Cunha are included in the diocese. History.—The island was discovered on the 21St of May 1502 by the Portuguese navigator Joao de Nova, on his voyage home from India, and by him named St Helena. The Portuguese found it uninhabited, imported live stock, See also:fruit-trees and vegetables, built a chapel and one or two houses, and left their sick there to be taken home, if recovered, by the next ship, but they formed no permanent See also:settlement. Its first known permanent See also:resident was Fernando See also:Lopez, a Portuguese in India, who had turned traitor and had been mutilated by order of See also:Albuquerque. He preferred being marooned to returning to See also:Portugal in his maimed condition, and was landed at St Helena in 1513 with three or four negro slaves. By royal command he visited Portugal some time later, but returned to St Helena, where he died in 1546. In 1584 two See also:Japanese ambassadors to Rome landed at the island. The first Englishman known to have visited it was Thomas See also:Cavendish, who touched there in June 1588 during his voyage round the world. Another English " Calling " ships are those which have been boarded by the See also:harbour See also:master and given pratique. Since 1886 boatmen are allowed to communicate with ships that have not obtained pratique, and these are known as " passing " ships.See also:seaman, Captain See also:Kendall, visited St Helena in 1591, and in 1593 Sir James See also:Lancaster stopped at the island on his way home from the East. In 1603 the same commander again visited St Helena on his return from the first voyage equipped by the East India Company. The Portuguese had by this time given up calling at the island, which appears to have been occupied by the Dutch about 1645. The Dutch occupation was temporary and ceased in. 1651, the year before they founded Cape Town. The British East India Company appropriated the island immediately after the departure of the Dutch, and they were confirmed in possession by a clause in their See also:charter of 1661. The company built a fort (1658), named after the duke of York (James II.), and established a garrison in the island. In 1673 the Dutch succeeded in obtaining possession, but were ejected after a few months' occupation. Since that date St Helena has been in the undisturbed possession of Great See also:Britain, though in 1706 two ships anchored off James-town were carried off by the French. In 1673 the Dutch had been expelled by the forces of the Crown, but by a new charter granted in December of the same year the East India Company were declared "the true and absolute lords and proprietors" of the island. At this time the inhabitants numbered about 1000, of whom nearly half were negro slaves. In 18ro the company began the importation of See also:Chinese from their factory at Canton. During the company's See also:rule the island prospered, thousands of homeward-See also:bound vessels anchored in the road-See also:stead in a year, staying for considerable periods, refitting and revictualling. Large sums of money were thus expended in the island, where wealthy merchants and officials had their residence. The plantations were worked by the slaves, who were subjected to very barbarous laws until 1792, when a new See also:code of regulations ensured their humane treatment and prohibited the importation of any new slaves. Later it was enacted that all See also:children of slaves born on or after See also:Christmas Day 1818 should be free, and between 1826 and 1836 all slaves were set at liberty. Among the See also:governors appointed by the company to rule at St Helena was one of the Huguenot refugees, Captain See also:Stephen Poirier (1697-1707), who attempted unsuccessfully to introduce the cultivation of the See also:vine. A later governor (1741-1742) was Robert Jenkin (q.v.) of " Jenkin's See also:ear " fame. See also:Dampier visited the island twice, in 1691 and 17o1; See also:Halley's See also:Mount commemorates the visit paid by the astronomer See also:Edmund Halley in 1676-1678—the first of a number of scientific men who have pursued their studies on the island. In 18r 5 the British government selected St Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was brought to the island in October of that year and lodged at Longwood, where he died in May 1821. During this period the island was strongly garrisoned by regular troops, and the governor, Sir See also:Hudson See also:Lowe, was nominated by the Crown. After Napoleon's death the East India Company resumed full control of St Helena until the 22nd of April 1834, on which date it was in virtue of an See also:act passed in 1833 vested in the Crown. As a port of call the island continued to enjoy a fair measure of prosperity until about 187o. Since that date the great decrease in the number of vessels visiting Jamestown has deprived the islanders of their principal means of subsistence. When steamers began to be substituted for sailing vessels and when the See also:Suez Canal was opened (in 1869) fewer ships passed the island, while of those that still pass the greater number are so well found that it is unnecessary for them to call (see also § Inhabitants). The withdrawal in 1906 of the small garrison, hitherto maintained by the imperial government, was another cause of depression. During the Anglo-See also:Boer war of 1899-1902 some thousands of Boer prisoners were detained at St Helena, which has also served as the place of See also:exile of several Zulu chiefs, including Dinizulu. (London, 1816) ; Extracts from the St Helena Records from 1693 to 1835 (compiled by H. R. Janisch, sometime governor of the island, James-town, 1885) ; Charles See also:Darwin, See also:Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands (1844). For a condensed general account consult (Sir) C. P. See also:Lucas, Historical See also:Geography of the British Colonies (vol. iii., West Africa, 2nd ed., See also:Oxford, 1900). See also M. See also:Danvers, Report on the Records of the India Office, vol. i. pt. i. (London, 1887) ; The Africa See also:Pilot, pt. ii. (5th ed., 1901) ; Report on the Present Position and Prospects of the Agricultural Resources of the Island of St Helena, by (Sir) D. See also:Morris (1884; reprinted 1906). (R. L. A.; F. R. C.)
ST HELENS, a market town and municipal, county, and parliamentary borough of See also:Lancashire, England, 14 M. E.N.E. from See also:Liverpool, on the London & North-Western and Great Central railways. Pop. (1891) 72,413; (1901) 84,410. A canal communicates with the See also:Mersey. The town is wholly of modern development. Besides the town hall and other public buildings and institutions there may be mentioned the Gamble Institute, erected and presented by Sir See also:David Gamble, See also:Bart., for a technical school, educating some 2000 students, and library. Among several public See also:pleasure grounds the principal are the See also: There are collieries in the neighbourhood. To the north of the town are a few ecclesiastical ruins, known as Windleshaw Abbey, together with a well called St Thomas' well, but the history of the See also:foundation is not known. The parliamentary borough (1885) returns one member. The county borough was created in 1888. The town was incorporated in 1868, and the See also:corporation consists of a See also:mayor, 9 aldermen and 27 councillors. Area 7285 acres. ST HELIER, the chief town of See also:Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands. Pop. (1901) 27,866. It lies on the south coast of the island on the eastern side of St See also:Aubin's Bay. The harbour is flanked on the W. by a rocky ridge on which stands Elizabeth Castle, and commanded on the east by Fort See also:Regent on its lofty promontory. The parish church is a cruciform building with embattled tower, dating in part from the 14th century. It contains a monument to See also:Major Peirson, who on the occasion of a French attack on Jersey in 1781 headed the See also:militia to oppose them, and forced them to surrender, but was killed as his followers were at the point of victory. The French See also:leader, See also:Baron de Rullecourt, is buried in the See also:churchyard. The spot where Peirson fell, in what is now called Peirson Place, is marked by a tablet. A large See also:canvas by John Singleton See also:Copley depicting the scene is in the National Gallery, London, and a copy is in the court house of St Helier. This building (la Cohue), in Royal Square, is the See also:meeting-place of the royal court and deliberative States of Jersey. Victoria College was opened in 1852 and commemorates a visit of Queen Victoria and the prince See also:consort to the island in 1846. A house in Marine Terrace is distinguished as the residence of See also:Victor See also:Hugo (1851-1855). Elizabeth Castle, which is connected with the main-land by a See also:causeway, dates from 1551-1590; and in 1646 and 1649 Prince Charles resided here. In 1649 he was See also:pro-claimed king, as Charles II., in Jersey by the royalist governor George See also:Carteret. On actually coming to the throne he gave the island the See also:mace which is still used at the meetings of the court and States. Close to the castle are remnants of a chapel or cell, from which the rock on which it stands is known as the Hermitage, dating probably from the 9th or loth century, and traditionally connected with the See also:patron saint Helerius.
SAINT-HILAIRE, AUGUSTIN FRANCOIS CESAR PROUVENCAL DE, commonly known as AUGUSTE DE (1799-1853), French botanist and traveller, was born at See also: He began to publish See also:memoirs on botanical subjects at an early See also:age. In 1816-1822 and in 1830 he travelled in South America, especially in south and central See also:Brazil, and the results of his study of the rich flora of the regions through which he passed appeared in several books and numerous articles in scientific See also:journals. The works by which he is best known arethe Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (3 vols., See also:folio, with 192 coloured plates, 1825-1832), published in See also:conjunction with A. de See also:Jussieu: and J. Cambessedes, Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et de See also:Paraguay (1 vol. 4to, 30 plates, 1824), Plantes usuelles des Bresiliens (1 vol. 4to, 70 plates, 1827-1828), also in See also:con-junction with De Jussieu and Cambessedes, and Voyage dans le district des diamants etsur le littoral du Bresil (2vols., 8vo, 1833). His Lecons de botanique, comprenant principalement la morphologic vegetale (184o), was a comprehensive exposition of botanical See also:morphology and of its application totsystematic botany. He died at Orleans on the 3oth of September 1853. ST See also:HUBERT, a small town of See also:Belgium in the province of See also:Luxemburg and in the See also:heart of the See also:Ardennes. Pop. (19o4) 3204. It is famous for its abbey church containing the See also:shrine of St Hubert, and for its annual pilgrimage. According to tradition the church and a monastery attached to it were founded in the 7th century by Plectrude, wife of See also:Pippin of See also:Herstal. The second church was built in the 12th century, but burnt by a French army under Conde in the 16th century. The present building is its successor, but has been restored in modern times and presents no special feature. The tomb of St Hubert—a See also:marble See also:sarcophagus ornamented with bas-reliefs and having four statuettes of other saints at the angles—stands in one of the side chapels. The See also:legend of the See also:conversion of St Hubert—a See also:hunter before he was a saint—by his meeting in the forest a See also:stag with a crucifix between its antlers, is well known, and explains how he became the patron saint of huntsmen. The place where he is supposed to have met the stag is still known as " la converserie and is almost 5 M. from St Hubert on the road to La See also:Roche. The pilgrimage of St Hubert in May attracts annually between thirty and fifty thousand pilgrims. The buildings of the old monastery have been utilized for a state training-school for waifs and strays, which contains on an average five See also:hundred pupils. In the middle ages the abbey of St Hubert was one of the most important in Europe, owning See also:forty villages with an annual income of over 8o,000 crowns. During the French Revolution, when Belgium was divided into several departments, the possessions of the abbey were sold for £75,000, but the bishop of See also:Namur was permitted to buy the church itself for £1350, ST HYACINTHE, a city and port of entry of See also:Quebec, See also:Canada, and capital of St Hyacinthe county, 32 M. E.N.E. of See also:Montreal, on the left bank of the river Yamaska and on the Grand See also:Trunk, See also:Canadian Pacific, Intercolonial, and Quebec Southern railways. Pop. (1901) 9210. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and contains a classical college, See also:dairy school, two monasteries and several other educational and charitable institutions. It has manufactures of See also:organs, See also:leather, woollens and agricultural implements, and is an important distributing centre for the surrounding district. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML. Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide. |
|
|
[back] SAINT YON |
[next] SAINTINE, JOSEPH XAVIER (1798-1865) |