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National Guard, while as a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs he published in the Cri du Peuple a hostile manifesto against the See also:

government of See also:

VERSAILLES

Versailles in connexion with the Communist rising of the 18th of March 1871. Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, he was taken prisoner on the 5th of See also:

APRIL

April, and on the 16th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November sentenced to transportation for See also:

LIFE

life; but, largely at the instance of influential deputations from See also:

England, the See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was commuted in See also:

JANUARY

January 1872 to perpetual banishment. Thereupon, after a short visit to See also:

Italy, he settled at Clarens, in See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, where he resumed his See also:

LITERARY

literary labours, and, after producing the Histoire d'une montagne (a See also:

COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion to Histoire d'un ruisseau), wrote nearly the whole of his great work, La Nouvelle Geographic universelle, la terre et See also:

les hommes, 19 vols. (1875-94).

This is a stupendous compilation, profusely illustrated with maps, plans, and engravings, and was crowned with the See also:

gold See also:

MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal of the Paris Geographical Society in 1892. An See also:

ENGLISH

English edition appeared simultaneously, also in 19 vols., the first four by E. G. Ravenstein, the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest by A. H. See also:

KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane. Extreme accuracy and brilliant exposition See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the leading characteristics of all Reclus's writings, which thus possess permanent literary and scientific value. In 1882 Reclus initiated the " See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-See also:

MARRIAGE

Marriage See also:

MOVEMENT

Movement," in accordance with which he allowed his two daughters to marry without any See also:

CIVIL

civil or religious See also:

SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction whatever. This step caused no little embarrassment to many of his well-wishers, and was followed by government prosecutions, instituted in the High See also:

Court of See also:

Lyons, against the anarchists, members of the See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

International Association, of which Reclus and See also:

Prince See also:

KROPOTKIN, PETER ALEXEIVICH, PRINCE (1842- )

Kropotkin were designated as the two See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief organizers. The prince was arrested and condemned to five years' imprisonment, but Reclus, being See also:

RESIDENT

resident in Switzerland, escaped. After 1892 he filled the See also:

CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative geography in the university of See also:

BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, and contributed several important See also:

MEMOIRS

memoirs to French, See also:

German and English scientific See also:

JOURNALS

journals. Among these may be mentioned " The Progress of Mankind " (Contemp.

Rev., 1896) ; " See also:

ATTILA (d. 453)

Attila de Gerando " (Rev. Geograph., 1898); " A great Globe " (Geograph. Journ., 1898); " L'Extreme-Orient " (Bul. See also:

Antwerp Geo. See also:

Soc., See also:

RECOGNIZANCE (from Lat. recognoscere, to acknowledge)

RECOGNIZANCE-See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

RECORD c. 42) as amended in 1867 (3o & 31 Vict. C. 35) and the forms of recognizance are scheduled to the See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of 1848. In the See also:

case of inquisitions of See also:

MURDER

murder or See also:

MANSLAUGHTER (0. Eng., mannslaeht, from mann, man, and slaeht, act of slaying, sledn, to slay, properly to smite; cf. Ger. schlagen, Schlacht, battle)

manslaughter taken before a See also:

CORONER

coroner a similar See also:

PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure is followed (Coroners Act 1887, 5o & 51 Vict. c. 71, s. 5). The recognizances taken are returnable under See also:

PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty to the court of trial, which orders their See also:

ESTREAT (0. Fr. estrait, Lat. extracta)

estreat in the event of See also:

BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the conditions.

Similar See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers as to the recognizances of persons prosecuted summarily are given by the See also:

SUMMARY

Summary See also:

Jurisdiction Acts 1848 and 1879; and in the event of appeals to See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions or by See also:

SPECIAL

special case to the High Court from courts of summary jurisdiction, recognizances or See also:

SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security are required from the appellant (42 & 43 Vict. C. 49, ss. 31, 33). On the See also:

TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer of indictments from inferior to See also:

SUPERIOR

superior courts recognizances to pay the See also:

COSTS

costs on conviction are also required (See also:

CROWN

Crown See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office Rules, 1906). In certain cases the See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police have authority to give See also:

BAIL

bail to accused persons on their entering into a recognizance; and See also:

GOVERNORS

governors of prisons are allowed to See also:

RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release prisoners on bail on compliance with the terms on which it is allowed by the committing justices. By the See also:

LAND

Land Charges Act 190o (63 & 64 Vict. C. 26, s. 2 (I) a recognizance, whether obtained or entered into on behalf of the Crown or otherwise, does not operate as a See also:

charge on land or on any See also:

INTEREST

interest on land or on the unpaid See also:

PURCHASE

purchase See also:

MONEY

money for any land, unless a See also:

WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ or See also:

order for the purpose of enforcing it is registered under s. 5 of the Land Charges, &c., Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 51) in the office of the Land Registry.

This enactment is clearly applicable to receivers' recognizances, supra; and on purchases of land See also:

SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search is made for registered recognizances and an See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official certificate can be obtained affirming or negativing the existence of a registered entry (See also:

CONVEYANCING

Conveyancing Act 1882, s. 2). By s. 30 of the See also:

BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

Bankruptcy Act 1883, a See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge in bankruptcy does not release the debtor from debts on a recognizance unless the See also:

TREASURY

Treasury certifies in See also:

writing its consent to the discharge. By ss. 32, 34 of the See also:

FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

Forgery Act 1861, it is made See also:

FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel

felony to forge recognizances, and to acknowledge them in the name of another without lawful authority is also felony (24 & 25 Vict. C. 98). In See also:

Scotland the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of recognizances is filled by cautions; a caution in " See also:

law-burrows " corresponds very nearly to a recognizance to keep the See also:

peace. In the United States recognizances are used for much the same. purposes as in England. (W. F.

End of Article: RECLUS, JEAN JACQUES ELISEE (1830-1905)

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