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rock on which the Tolbaaken lighthouse is built. The island thus divides the seaward approach to St Petersburg into two channels; that on the northern See also:

side is obstructed by shoals which extend across it from Kotlin to Lisynos on the Finnish mainland, and is only passable by vessels See also:

DRAWING

drawing less than 15 ft. of See also:

WATER

water; the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern channel, the high-way to the See also:

capital, is narrowed by a See also:

SPIT

spit which projects from opposite See also:

ORANIENBAUM

Oranienbaum on the Russian mainland, and, lying See also:

close to Kronstadt, has been strongly guarded by batteries.

The approach to the capital has been greatly facilitated by the construction in 1875-1885 of a See also:

canal, 23 ft. deep, through the shallows. The town of Kronstadt is built on level ground, and is thus exposed to inundations, from one of which it suffered in 1824. On the See also:

south side of the town there are three harbours—the large western or See also:

MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, the western flank of which is formed by a See also:

GREAT

great See also:

mole joining the fortifications which See also:

TRAVERSE

traverse the breadth of the island on this side; the See also:

MIDDLE

middle harbour, used chiefly for fitting out and repairing vessels; and the eastern or war harbour for vessels of the Russian See also:

NAVY

navy. The See also:

Peter and See also:

Catherine canals, communicating with the merchant and middle harbours, traverse the town. Between them stood the old See also:

ITALIAN

Italian See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of See also:

Prince See also:

Menshikov, the site of which is now occupied by the See also:

PILOT

pilot school. Among other public buildings are the naval See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, the See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

SEAMAN, OWEN (1861– )

seaman's hospital (established in 1867), the civic hospital, admiralty (founded 1785), See also:

ARSENAL

arsenal, See also:

DOCKYARDS

dockyards and foundries, school of marine See also:

ENGINEERING

engineering, the See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

Andrew, and the See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

church. The port is See also:

ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound for 140 to 16o days in the See also:

YEAR

year, from the beginning of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December till See also:

APRIL

April. A very large proportion of the inhabitants are sailors, and large See also:

numbers of artisans are employed in the dockyards. Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications were constructed. (P. A. K.; J.

End of Article: KRONSTADT

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