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HAMMERSMITH , a western See also:metropolitan See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of See also:London, See also:England, bounded E. by See also:Kensington and S. by See also:Fulham and the See also:river See also:Thames, and extending N. and W. to the boundary of the See also:county of London. Pop. (1901) 112,239. The name appears in the See also:early forms of Hermodewode and Hamersmith; the derivation is probably from the Anglo-Saxon, signifying the See also:place with a haven (See also:hythe). Hammersmith is mentioned with Fulham as a See also:winter See also:camp of Danish invaders in 879, when they occupied the See also:island of Hame, which may be identified with See also:Chiswick Eyot. Hammersmith consists of residential streets of various classes. There are many See also:good houses in the districts of See also:Brook See also:Green in the See also:south-See also:east, and Ravenscourt See also:Park and See also:Starch Green in the See also:west. Shepherd's See also:Bush in the east is a populous and poorer See also:quarter. See also:Boat-See also:building yards, See also:lead-See also:mills, oil mills, distilleries, See also:coach factories, motor See also:works, and other See also:industrial establishments are found along the river and elsewhere in the borough. The See also:main thoroughfares are See also:Uxbridge Road and Goldhawk Road, from See also:Acton on the west, converging at Shepherd's Bush and continuing towards Notting See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill; See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Street from Chiswick on the south-west, continued as Hammersmith Broadway and Road to Kensington Road; See also:Bridge Road from Hammersmith Bridge over the Thames, and Fulham See also:Palace Road from Fulham, converging at the Broadway. Old Hammersmith Bridge, designed by See also:Tierney See also:Clark (1824), was the earliest suspension bridge erected near London. This bridge was found insecure and replaced in 1884-1887. Until 1834 Hammersmith formed See also:part of Fulham See also:parish. Its See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St See also:Paul was built as a See also:chapel of ease to Fulham, and consecrated by See also:Laud in 1631. The existing building See also:dates from 189o. Among the old monuments preserved is that of See also:Sir See also:Nicholas Crispe (d. 1665), a prominent royalist during the See also:civil See also:wars and a benefactor of the parish. See also:Schools and religious houses are numerous. St Paul's school is one of the See also:principal public schools in England. It was founded in or about 1509 by See also:John See also:Colet, See also:dean of St Paul's, under the See also:shadow of the See also:cathedral church. But it appears that Colet actually refounded and reorganized a school which had been attached to the cathedral of St Paul from very early times; the first mention of such a school dates from the early part of the 12th See also:century (see an See also:article in The Times, London, See also:July 7, 1909, on the occasion of the celebration of the quatercentenary of Colet's See also:foundation). The school was moved to its See also:present site in Hammersmith Road in 1883. The number of foundation scholars, that is, the number for which Colet's endowment provided, is 153, according to the number of fishes taken in the miraculous See also:draught. The See also:total number of pupils is about 600. The school See also:governors are appointed by the Mercers' See also:Company (by which See also:body the new site was acquired), and the See also:universities of See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, See also:Cambridge and London. See also:Close to the school is St Paul's preparatory school, and at Brook Green is a girls' school in connexion with the main school. There are, besides, the See also:Edward Latymer foundation school for boys (1624), part of the income of which is devoted to See also:general charitable purposes; the See also:Godolphin school, founded in the 16th century and remodelled as a See also:grammar school in 1861; See also:Nazareth See also:House of Little Sisters of the Poor, the See also:Convent of the Sacred See also:Heart, and other convents. The See also:town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, the West London See also:hospital with its See also:post-See also:graduate See also:college, and See also:Wormwood Scrubbs See also:prison are noteworthy buildings. Other institutions are the See also:Hammer-See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
smith school of See also:art and a See also:Roman See also:Catholic training college. Besides the picturesque Ravenscourt Park (31 acres) there are extensive recreation grounds in the See also:north of the borough at Wormwood Scrubbs (193 acres), and others of lesser extent. An important place of entertainment is See also:Olympia, near Hammer-smith Road and the See also:Addison Road station on the West London railway, which includes a vast See also:arena under a See also:glass roof; while at Shepherd's Bush are the extensive grounds and buildings first occupied by the Franco-See also:British See also:Exhibition of 1908, including
a huge See also:stadium for athletic displays. In the extreme north of the borough is the Kensal Green Roman Catholic See also:cemetery, in which See also:Cardinal See also:Manning and many other prominent members of this faith are buried. In the neighbourhood of the Mall, bordering the river, are the house where See also:Thomson wrote his poem " The Seasons," and Kelmscott House, the See also:residence of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Morris. The See also:parliamentary borough of Hammersmith returns one member. The borough See also:council consists of a See also:mayor, 5 aldermen, and 30 councillors. See also:Area, 2286.3 acres.
HAMMER-THROWING, a See also:branch of See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field athletics which consists of hurling to the greatest possible distance an See also:instrument with a heavy See also:head and slender handle called the hammer. Throwing the hammer is in all See also:probability of Keltic origin, as it has been popular in See also:Ireland and See also:Scotland for many centuries. The missile was, however, not a hammer, but the See also:wheel of a See also:chariot attached to a fixed See also:axle, by which it was whirled See also:round the head and See also:cast for distance. Such a See also:sport was undoubtedly cultivated in the old Irish See also:games, a large See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone being substituted for the wheel at the beginning of the See also:Christian era. In the Scottish See also:highlands the missile took the See also:form of a smith's sledge-hammer, and in this form the sport became popular in England in early days. Edward II. is said to have fostered it, and See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry VIII. is known to have been proficient. At the beginning of the 19th century two See also:standard hammers were generally recognized in Scotland, the heavy hammer, weighing about 21 lb, and the See also:light hammer, weighing about 16 lb. These were in general use until about 1885, although the light hammer gradually attained popularity at the expense of the heavy. Although originally an See also:ordinary blacksmith's sledge with a handle about 3 ft. See also:long, the form of the head was gradually modified until it acquired its present spherical shape, and the stiff wooden handle gave place to one of flexible See also:whalebone about e in. in See also:diameter. The Scottish See also:style of throwing, which also obtained in See also:America, was to stand on a See also:mark, See also:swing the hammer round the head several times and 'hurl it backwards over the See also:shoulder, the length being measured from the mark made by the falling hammer to the nearest See also:foot of the thrower, no run or follow being allowed. Such men as Donald Dinnie, G. See also:Davidson and See also:Kenneth McRae threw the light hammer over See also:Ito ft., and Dinnie's See also:record was 132 ft.
8 in., made, however, from a raised See also:mount. Meanwhile the See also:English See also:Amateur Athletic Association had early fixed the See also:weight of the hammer at 16 lb, but the length of the handle and the run varied widely, the restrictions being few. Under these conditions S. S. See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
Brown, of Oxford, made in 1873 a throw of 120 ft., which was considered extraordinary at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. In 1875 the throw was made from a 7-ft. circle without run, head and handle of the missile weighing together exactly 16 lb. In 1887 the circle was enlarged to 9 ft., and in 1896 a handle of flexible See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal was legalized. The throw was made after a few rapid revolutions of the body, which added an impetus that greatly added to the distance attained. It thus happened that the Scottish competitors at the English games, who clung to their See also:standing style of throwing, were, although athletes of the very first class, repeatedly beaten; the result being that the Scottish association was forced to introduce the English rules. This was also the See also:case in America, where the throw from the 7-ft. circle, any motions being allowed within it, was adopted in 1888, and still obtains. The Americans still further modified the handle, which now consists of See also:steel See also:wire with two See also:skeleton loops for the hands, the wire being joined to the head by means of a See also:ball-bearing swivel. Thus the greatest See also:mechanical See also:advantage, that of having the entire weight of the missile at the end, as well as the least See also:friction, is obtained.. In England the Amateur Athletic Association in 1908 enacted that " the head and handle may be of any See also:size, shape and material, provided that the See also:complete See also:implement shall not be more than 4 ft. and its weight not less than 16 lb. The competitor may assume any position he chooses, and use either one or both hands. All throws shall be made from a circle 7 ft. in diameter." The See also:modern hammer-thrower, if right-handed, begins by placing the head on the ground at his right See also:side. He then lifts and swings it round his head with increasing rapidity, his wholebody finally revolving with outstretched arms twice, in some cases three times, as rapidly as possible, the hammer being released in the desired direction. During the " See also:spinning," or revolving of the body, the See also:athlete must be constantly, "ahead of the hammer," i.e. he must be See also:drawing it after him with continually increased pressure up to the very moment of delivery. The muscles chiefly called into See also:play are those of the shoulders, back and loins. The See also:adoption of the See also:hand-loops has given the thrower greater See also:control over the hammer and has thus rendered the sport much less dangerous than it once was.
With a wooden handle the longest throw made in See also:Great See also:Britain from a 9-ft. circle was that of W. J. M. See also:Barry in 1892, who won the championship in that See also:year with 133 ft. 3 in. With the flexible handle, "unlimited run and follow " being permitted, the record was held in 1909 by M. J. McGrath with 175 ft. 8 in., made in 1907; a Scottish amateur, T. R. See also:Nicholson, held the British record of 169 ft. 8 in. The See also:world's record for throw from a 7-ft. circle was 172 ft. 11 in. by J. Flanagan in 1904 in America ; the British record from 9-ft. circle being also held by Flanagan with a throw of 163 ft. 1 in. made in 1900. Flanagan's Olympic record (London, 1908) was 17o ft. 4'-,-, in.
See Athletics in the See also:Badminton library; Athletes' See also:Guide in See also:Spalding's Athletic library; " Hammer-Throwing " in vol. xx. of Outing.
HAMMER-TOE, a painful See also:condition in which a toe is rigidly See also:bent and the salient See also:angle on its upper aspect is constantly irritated by the See also:boot. It is treated surgically, not as formerly by amputation of the toe, but the toe is made permanently to See also:lie See also:flat by the See also:simple excision of the small digital See also:joint. Even in extremely See also:bad cases of hammer-toe the operation of resection of the head of the metatarsal See also:phalanx is to be recommended rather than amputation.
End of Article: HAMMERSMITH
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