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See also:ACTON (See also:JOHN EMERICH See also:EDWARD See also:DALBERG ACTON), 1ST See also:BARON (1834—1902) , See also:English historian, only son of See also:Sir See also:Richard Acton, 7th See also:baronet, and See also:grandson of the Neapolitan See also:admiral, Sir J. F. E. Acton, 6th baronet (q.v.), was See also:born at See also:Naples on the loth of See also:January 1834. His grandfather, who had succeeded in 1791 to the baronetcy and See also:family estates in See also:Shropshire, previously held by the English See also:branch of the Acton family, represented a younger branch which had transferred itself first to See also:France and then to See also:Italy, but by the extinction of the See also:elder branch the admiral became See also:head of the family; his eldest son, Richard, had married See also:Marie See also:Louise Pelline, the daughter and heiress of Emerich See also:Joseph, duc de Dalberg (q.v.), a naturalized See also:French See also:noble of See also:ancient See also:German lineage who had entered the French service under See also:Napoleon and represented See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVIII. at the See also:congress of See also:Vienna in 1814, and after Sir Richard Acton's See also:death in 1837 she became (184o) the wife of the 2nd See also:Earl See also:Granville. Coming of a See also:Roman See also:Catholic family, See also:young Acton was educated at Oscott till 1848 under Dr (afterwards See also:Cardinal) See also:Wiseman, and then at See also:Edinburgh, and at See also:Munich under D61-linger, whose lifelong friend he became. He had wished to go to See also:Cambridge, but for a Roman Catholic this was then impossible. By Dellinger he was inspired with a deep love of See also:historical re-See also:search and a profound conception of its functions as a See also:critical See also:instrument. He was a See also:master of the See also:chief See also:foreign See also:languages, and began at an See also:early See also:age to collect a magnificent historical library, with the See also:object, never in fact realized, of See also:writing a See also:great See also:History of See also:Liberty. In politics he was always an ardent Liberal.
1 Where the See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant is not of See also:supply, the See also:preamble varies a little, e.g. in the See also:Prince of See also:Wales's See also:Children See also:Act 1889.
Without being a notable traveller, he spent much See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in the chief intellectual centres of See also:Europe, and in the See also:United States, and numbered among his See also:friends such men as See also:Montalembert, De See also:Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, See also:Bluntschli, von See also:Sybel and See also:Ranke.
He was attached to See also:Lord Granville's See also:mission to See also:Moscow, as See also:British representative at the See also:coronation of See also:Alexander II. in 1856. In 18J9 Sir John Acton settled in See also:England, at his See also:country See also:house, Aldenham, in Shropshire. He was returned to the House of See also:Commons in that See also:year for the Irish See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of See also:Carlow, and became a devoted admirer and adherent of Mr See also:Gladstone; but he was practically a silent member, and his See also:parliamentary career came to an end after the See also:general See also:election of 1865, when, having headed the See also:poll for See also:Bridgnorth, he was unseated on a See also:scrutiny ; he contested Bridgnorth again in 1868, but without success. Meanwhile he had become editor of the Roman Catholic monthly See also:paper, the Rambler, in 1859, on J. H. See also:Newman's retirement from the editorship ; and in 1862 he merged this periodical in the See also:Home and Foreign See also:Review. His contributions at once gave See also:evidence of his remarkable See also:wealth of historical knowledge. But though a sincere Roman Catholic, his whole spirit as a historian was hostile to ultramontane pretensions, and his See also:independence of thought and liberalism of view speedily brought him into conflict- with the Roman Catholic See also:hierarchy. As early as See also:August 1862, Cardinal Wiseman publicly censured the Review; and when in 1864, after See also:Dollinger's See also:appeal at the Munich Congress for a less hostile attitude towards historical See also:criticism, the See also:pope issued a See also:declaration that the opinions of Catholic writers were subject to the authority of the Roman congregations, Acton See also:felt that there was only one way of reconciling his See also:literary See also:conscience with his ecclesiastical See also:loyalty, and he stopped the publication of his monthly periodical. He continued, however, to contribute articles to the See also:North British Review, which, previously a Scottish See also:Free See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church See also:organ, had been acquired by friends in sympathy with him, and which for some years (until 1872, when it ceased to appear) actively promoted the interests of a high-class Liberalism in both temporal and ecclesiastical matters; he also did a See also:good See also:deal of lecturing on historical subjects. In 1865 he married the Countess Marie, daughter of the Bavarian See also:Count Arco-Valley, by whom he had one son and three daughters. In 1869 he was raised to the See also:peerage by Gladstone as Baron Acton ; he was an intimate friend and See also:constant correspondent of the Liberal See also:leader, and the two men had the very highest regard for one another.
See also:Matthew See also:Arnold used to say that "Gladstone influences all See also:round him but Acton; it is Acton who influences Gladstone."
In 187o came the great crisis in the Roman Catholic See also:world over the promulgation by See also:Pius IX. of the See also:dogma of papal See also:infallibility. Lord Acton, who was in See also:complete sympathy on this subject with Dellinger (q.v.), went to See also:Rome in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to throw all his See also:influence against it, but the step he so much dreaded was not to be averted. The Old Catholic separation followed, but Acton did not personally join the seceders, and the authorities prudently refrained from forcing the hands of so competent and influential an English layman. In 1874, when Gladstone published his pamphlet on The Vatican Decrees, Lord Acton wrote during See also:November and See also:December a See also:series of remarkable letters to The Times, illustrating Gladstone's See also:main theme by numerous historical examples of papal inconsistency, in a way which must have been See also:bitter enough to the ultramontane party, but demurring nevertheless to Gladstone's conclusion and insisting that the Church itself was better than its premisses implied. Acton's letters led to another See also:storm in the English Roman Catholic world, but once more it was considered prudent by the Vatican to leave him alone. In spite of his reservations, he regarded "communion with Rome as dearer than See also:life." Thenceforth he steered clear of theological polemics. He de-voted himself to persistent See also:reading and study, combined with congenial society. With all his capacity for study he was a See also:man of the world, and a man of affairs, not a bookworm. Little in-See also:deed came from his See also:pen, his only notable publications being a masterly See also:essay in the Quarterly Review of January 1878 on "See also:Democracy in Europe"; two lectures delivered at Bridgnorth in1877 on "The History of Freedom in Antiquity" and "The History of Freedom in See also:Christianity "—these last the only tangible portions put together by him of his See also:long-projected "History of Liberty"; and an essay on See also:modern German historians in the first number of the English Historical Review, which he helped to found (1886). After 1879 he divided his time between See also:London, See also:Cannes and See also:Tegernsee in See also:Bavaria, enjoying and reciprocating the society of his friends. In 1872 he had been given the honorary degree of See also:doctor of See also:philosophy by Munich University; in 1888 Cambridge gave him the honorary degree of LL.D., and in 1889 See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford the D.C.L.; and in 1890 he was made a See also:fellow of All Souls. His reputation for learning had gradually been spread abroad, largely through Gladstone's influence.
The latter found him a valuable See also:political adviser, and in 1892, when the Liberal See also:government came in, Lord Acton was made a lord-inwaiting. Finally, in 1895, on the death of Sir John See also:Seeley, Lord See also:Rosebery appointed him to the Regius Professorship of Modern History at Cambridge. The choice was an excellent one. His inaugural lecture on "The Study of History," afterwards published with notes displaying a vast erudition, made a great impression in the university, and the new See also:professor's influence on historical study was felt in many important directions. He delivered two valuable courses of lectures, on the French Revolution and on Modern History, but it was in private that the effects of his teaching were most marked. The great Cambridge Modern History, though he did not live to see it, was planned under his editorship, and all who came in contact with him testified to his stimulating See also:powers and his extraordinary range of knowledge. He was taken See also:ill, however, in 1901, and died on the 19th of See also:June 1902, being succeeded in the See also:title by his son, Richard See also:Maximilian Dalberg Acton, 2nd Baron Acton (b.187o). Lord 'Acton has See also:left too little completed See also:original See also:work to See also:rank among the great historians ; his very learning seems to have stood in his way; he knew too much and his literary conscience was too acute for him to write easily, and his copiousness of See also:information overloads his literary See also:style. But he was one of the most deeply learned men of his time, and he will certainly be remembered for his influence on others. His extensive library, formed for use and not for display, and composed largely of books full of his own annotations, was bought immediately after his death by Mr See also:Andrew See also:Carnegie, and presented to Mr John See also:Morley, by whom it was forthwith given to the university of Cambridge.
See Mr See also:Herbert See also:Paul's excellent See also:Introductory Memoir to the interesting See also:volume of Lord Acton's Letters to Mrs See also:Drew (1904), and the authorities cited there; also Dom Gasquet's Lord Acton and his Circle (1906). A Bibliography of the See also:Works of Lord Acton, by W.
A. See also:Shaw, was published by the Royal Historical Society in 1903. The Edinburgh Review of See also:April 1903 contains a luminous essay; and Mr See also:Bryce has a See also:chapter on Acton in his Studies of Contemporary See also:Biography (1903). Lord Acton's Lectures on Modern History, edited by J. N. Figgis and R. V. Laurence, appeared in 1906; and his History of Freedom and other Essays and Historical Essays and Studies (by the same editors) in 1907. (H.
End of Article: ACTON (JOHN EMERICH EDWARD DALBERG ACTON), 1ST BARON (1834—1902)
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