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See also:MONTALEMBERT, MARC REN$, See also:MARQUIS DE (1714-1800), See also:French military engineer and writer, was See also:born at Angouleeme on the 16th of See also:July 1714, and entered the French See also:Army in 1732. He fought in the See also:War of the See also:Polish See also:Succession on the See also:Rhine (1733–34), and in the War of the See also:Austrian Succession made the See also:campaigns of 1742 in Bohemia and See also:Italy. In the years preceding the Seven Years' War, Montalembert (who had become an See also:associate member of the Academie See also:des Sciences in 1747) devoted his energies to the See also:art of fortification, to which See also:Vauban's Traite de l'attaque attracted him, and founded the See also:arsenal at Ruelle, near his birthplace. On the outbreak of war he became French See also:commissioner with the allied army of See also:Sweden, with the See also:rank of brigadier-See also:general. He constructed the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field fortifications of See also:Anklam and See also:Stralsund. In 1761 he was promoted marechal de See also:camp, and began the See also:works on which his fame rests. Montalembert's fortress has been aptly described by an See also:English author as an " immense See also:battery." The intricacies of trace by which Vauban and Cormontaigne sought to minimize the See also:power of the attack, are abandoned in favour of a See also:simple tenaille See also:plan so arranged that the defenders can bring an overwhelming See also:fire to See also:bear on the works of the besieger. Montalembert, who him-self See also:drew his See also:idea from the practice of See also:Swedish and Prussian See also:engineers, furnished the See also:German constructors of the See also:early 19th See also:century with the means of designing entrenched camps suitable to See also:modern conditions of warfare. The " polygonal " method of fortification is the See also:direct outcome of Montalembert's systems. In his own See also:country the See also:caste-spirit of the engineer See also:corps was roused to defend Vauban, and though Montalembert was allowed to construct some successful works at See also:Aix and See also:Oleron, he was forbidden to publish his method, and given but little opportunity for actual See also:building. After fifteen years of secrecy he published in See also:Paris (1776–1778) the first edition of La Fortification perpendiculaire. At the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the Revolution he surrendered a See also:pension, which had been granted him for the loss of an See also:eye, although he was deeply in See also:debt, particularly on See also:account of his Ruelle foundry, on which 6000 livres were due to him from the See also:state, which he never received. Persuaded by his wife, he joined in the See also:emigration of the noblesse, and for a time lived in See also:England. All his possessions were thereupon sequestrated by the republican See also:government. He very soon returned, divorced his wife, and married again. He obtained the annulment of the See also:sequestration. See also:Carnot often called him into consultation on military affairs, and, in 1792, promoted him general of See also:division. Proposed as a member of the Institut in 1797, he withdrew his candidature in favour of General See also:Bonaparte. He died at Paris on the 29th of See also:March 1800. His wife, See also:Marie See also:Josephine de Comarieu, was the
hostess of one of the best-known salons of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVI.'s time. She wrote two novels of merit, Elise Dumesnil (1798) and See also:Horace (1822). She died in 1832.
Besides his masterpiece, he wrote L'Art defensive superieure a l'offensif (1793; in reply to attacks made upon his earliest See also:work, La Fortification per pendiculaire, of which in later See also:editions it forms See also:part); Memoire historique sur le fonte des canons (Paris, 1758), and other works on the same subject; Correspondance See also:pendant la guerre de 1757–1760 (See also:London, 1777) ; Rotation des boulets (Acad., 1755) and Relations du See also:siege de S. See also:Jean d'See also:Acre (Paris, 1789). He also wrote See also:short stories and See also:verse, as well as comedies. He also modelled a See also:complete course of Fortification (92 See also:models), which he offered to the See also:Committee of Public Safety. His bust was sculptured by Bonvallet. Montalembert's position in the See also:history of fortification may be summed up as a realization of his own wish to do for the See also:defence what Vauban had done for the attack. It was the inability of his contemporaries to see that Vauban's strength See also:lay in his See also:parallels and batteries and not in his bastions that vitiated their methods, and it was Montalembert's appreciation of this fact which made him the See also:father of modern fortification. See Tripier, La Fortification deduite de son histoire (Paris, 1866).
End of Article: MONTALEMBERT, MARC
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