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See also:FRIEDEL, See also:CHARLES (1832-1899) , See also:French chemist and mineralogist, was See also:born at See also:Strassburg on the 12th of See also:March 1832. After graduating at Strassburg University he spent a See also:year in the counting-See also:house of his See also:father, a banker and See also:merchant, and then in 1851 went to live in See also:Paris with his maternal grandfather, Georges See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Duvernoy (1777-1855), See also:professor of natural See also:history and, from 1850, of See also:comparative See also:anatomy, at the See also:College de See also:France. In 18J4 he entered C. A. See also:Wurtz's laboratory, and in 1856, at the instance of H. H. de See also:Senarmont (1808-1862), was appointed See also:conservator of the mineralogical collections at the Ecole See also:des Mines. In 1871 he began to lecture in See also:place of A. L. O. L. Des Cloizeaux (1817–1897) at the 1 tole Normale, and in 1876 he became professor of See also:mineralogy at the See also:Sorbonne, but on the See also:death of Wurtz in 1884 he exchanged that position for the See also:chair of organic See also:chemistry. He died at See also:Montauban on the loth of See also:April 1899. Friedel achieved distinction both in miner-alogy and organic chemistry. In the former he was one of the leading workers, in collaboration from 1879 to 1887 with Emile Edmond See also:Sarasin (1843–1890), at the formation of minerals by artificial means, particularly in the wet way with the aid of See also:heat and pressure, and he succeeded in reproducing a large number of the natural compounds. In 1893, as the result of an See also:attempt to make See also:diamond by the See also:action of See also:sulphur on highly carburetted See also:cast See also:iron at 4500-5000 C. he obtained a See also:black See also:powder too small in quantity to be analysed but hard enough to scratch See also:corundum. He also devoted much See also:attention to the pyroelectric phenomena of crystals, which served as the theme of one of the two See also:memoirs he presented far the degree of D.Sc. in 1869, and to the determination of crystallographic constants. In organic chemistry, his study of the See also:ketones and See also:aldehydes, begun in 1857, provided him with the subject of his other doctoral thesis. In 1862 he prepared secondary propyl See also:alcohol, and in 1863, with See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:- MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
- MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
- MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
- MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
- MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
- MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
- MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
- MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
- MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
- MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)
Mason Crafts (b. 1839), for many years a professor at the See also:Massachusetts See also:Institute of Technology, See also:Boston, he obtained various organometallic compounds of See also:silicon. A few years later further See also:work, with See also:Albert Ladenburg, on the same See also:element yielded silicochloroform and led to a demonstration of the See also:close See also:analogy existing between the behaviour in See also:combination of silicon and See also:carbon. In 1871, with R. D. da See also:Silva (b. 1837) he synthesized See also:glycerin, starting from propylene. In 1877, with Crafts, he made the first publication of the fruitful and widely used method for synthesizing See also:benzene homologues now generally known as the " Friedel and Crafts reaction." It was based on an accidental observation of the action of metallic See also:aluminium on amyl chloride, and consists in bringing together a See also:hydrocarbon and an organic chloride in presence of aluminium chloride, when the residues of the two compounds unite to See also:form a more complex See also:body. Friedel was associated with Wurtz in editing the latter's Dictionnaire de chimie, and undertook the supervision of the supplements issued after 1884. He was the See also:chief founder of the Revue generale de chimie in 1899. His publications include a See also:Notice sur la See also:vie et See also:les travaux de Wurtz (1885), Cours de chimie organique (1887) and Cours de mineralogie (1893). He acted as See also:president of the See also:International See also:Congress held at See also:Geneva in 1892 for revising the nomenclature of the fatty See also:acid See also:series.
See a memorial lecture by J. M. Crafts, printed in the See also:Journal of the See also:London Chemical Society for 1900.
End of Article: FRIEDEL, CHARLES (1832-1899)
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