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See also:WIELAND, CHRISTOPH See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
MARTIN (1733-1813) , See also:German poet and See also:man of letters, was See also:born at Oberholzheim, a See also:village near See also:Biberach in See also:Wurttemberg, on the 5th of See also:September 1733. His See also:father, who was pastor in Oberholzheim, and subsequently in Biberach, took See also:great pains with the See also:child's See also:education, and from the See also:town school of Biberach he passed on, before he had reached his fourteenth See also:year, to the gymnasium at Klosterberge, near See also:Magdeburg. He was a precocious child, and when he See also:left school in 1749 was widely read in the Latin See also:classics and the leading contemporary See also:French writers; amongst German poets his favourites were See also:Brockes and See also:Klopstock. While at See also:home in the summer of 1750, he See also:fell in love with a kinswoman, Sophie Gutermann, and this love affair seems to have acted as an incentive to poetic See also:composition; under this See also:inspiration he planned his first ambitious See also:work, See also:Die Natur der Dinge (1752), a didactic poem in six books. In 1750 he went to the university of See also:Tubingen as a student of See also:law, but his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was mainly taken up with See also:literary studies. The poems he wrote at the university—See also:Hermann, an epic (published by F. Muncker, 1886), Zwolf moralische Briefe in Versen (1752), See also:Anti-See also:Ovid (1752)—are pietistic in See also:tone and dominated by the See also:influence of Klopstock. They attracted the See also:attention of the Swiss literary reformer, J. J. See also:Bodmer, who invited Wieland to visit him in See also:Zurich in the summer of 1752. After a few months, however, Bodmer See also:felt himself as little in sympathy with Wieland as, two years earlier, he had felt himself with Klopstock, and the See also:friends parted; but Wieland remained in See also:Switzerland until 176o, residing, in the last year, at See also:Bern where he obtained a position as private See also:tutor. Here he stood in intimate relations with See also:Rousseau's friend Julie de Bondeli. Meanwhile a See also:change had come over Wieland's tastes; the writings of his See also:early Swiss years—Der gepriifle See also:Abraham (1753), Sympathien (1756), Empfindungen eines Christen (1757)—were still in the manner of his earlier writings, but with the tragedies, See also:Lady Johanna See also:- GRAY
- GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
- GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
- GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
- GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
- GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
- GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
- GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
- GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
- GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
- GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
- GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
- GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)
Gray (1758), and Clementina von Porretta (1760)—the latter based on See also:Richardson's See also:Sir See also:Charles Grandison—the epic fragment See also:Cyrus (1759), and the " moral See also:story in dialogues," Araspes and Panthea (1760), Wieland, as See also:Lessing said, " forsook the ethereal See also:spheres to wander again among the sons of men."
Wieland's See also:conversion was completed at Biberach, whither he had returned in 1760, as director of the See also:chancery. The dullness and monotony of his See also:life here was relieved by the friendship of a See also:Count See also:Stadion, whose library in the See also:castle of Warthausen, not far from Biberach, was well stocked with French and See also:English literature. Here, too, Wieland met again his early love Sophie Gutermann, who had meanwhile become the wife of Hofrat La See also:Roche, then manager of Count Stadion's estates. The former poet of an austere See also:pietism now became the See also:advocate of a See also:light-hearted See also:philosophy, from which frivolity and sensuality were not excluded. In See also:Don Sylvio von Rosalva (1764), a See also:romance in See also:imitation of Don Quixote, he held up to ridicule his earlier faith and in the Komische Erzdhlungen (1765) he gave his extravagant See also:imagination only too See also:free a See also:rein. More important is the novel Geschichte See also:des See also:Agathon (1766-1767), in which, under the See also:guise of
a See also:Greek fiction, Wieland described his own spiritual and intellectual growth. This work, which Lessing recommended as " a novel of classic See also:taste," marks an See also:epoch in the development of the See also:modern psychological novel. Of equal importance was Wieland's See also:translation of twenty-two of See also:Shakespeare's plays into See also:prose (8 vols., 1762-1766); it was the first See also:attempt to See also:present the English poet to the German See also:people in something approaching entirety. With the poems Musarion See also:oder die Philosophic der Grazien (1768), idris (1768), Combabus (1770), Der neue Amadis (1771), Wieland opened the See also:series of light and graceful romances in See also:verse which appealed so irresistibly to his contemporaries and acted as an antidote to the sentimental excesses of the subsequent See also:Sturm and Drang See also:movement. Wieland married in 1765, and between 1769 and 1772 was See also:professor of philosophy at See also:Erfurt. In the last-mentioned year he published Der goldene Spiegel oder die Konige von Scheschian, a pedagogic work in the See also:form of See also:oriental stories; this attracted the attention of duchess See also:Anna Amalie of See also:Saxe-See also:Weimar and resulted in his See also:appointment as tutor to her two sons, Karl See also:August and Konstantin, at Weimar. With the exception of some years spent at Ossmannstedt, where in later life he bought an See also:estate, Weimar remained Wieland's home until his See also:death on the 20th of See also:January 1813. Here, in 1773, he founded Der teutsche Merkur, which under his editorship (1773-1789) became the most influential literary See also:review in See also:Germany. Of the writings of his later years the most important are the admirable See also:satire on German provinciality—the most attractive of all his prose writings—Die Abderiten, eine sehr wahrsclzeinliche Geschichte (1774), and the charming poetic romances, Das Wintermarchen (1776), Das Sonzmermarchen (1777), Geron der Adelige (1777), Die Wilnsche ()der Pervonte (1778), a series culminating with Wieland's poetic masterpiece, the romantic epic of See also:Oberon (1780). Although belonging to a class of See also:poetry in which modern readers take but little See also:interest, Oberon has still, owing to the facile beauty of its stanzas, the See also:power to See also:charm. In Wieland's later novels, such as the Geheime Geschichte des Philosophen Peregrinus See also:Proteus (1791) and Aristipp and einige seiner Zeitgenossen (1800-18o2), a didactic and philosophic tendency obscures the small literary interest they possess. He also translated See also:Horace's Satires (1786), See also:Lucian's See also:Works (1788-1789), See also:Cicero's Letters (18o8 ff.), and from 1?96 to 1803 he edited the Attisches Museum which did valuable service in popularizing Greek studies.
Without creating a school in the strict sense of the See also:term, Wieland influenced very considerably the German literature of his time. The verse-romance and the novel—more especially in See also:Austria—benefited by his example, and even the Romanticists of a later date borrowed many a hint from him in their excursions into the literatures of the See also:south of See also:Europe. The qualities which distinguish his work, his fluent See also:style and light See also:touch, his careless frivolity rather than poetic See also:depth, show him to have been in literary temperament more akin to See also:Ariosto and See also:Voltaire than to the more spiritual and serious leaders of German poetry; but these very qualities in Wieland's poetry introduced a balancing See also:element into German classical literature and added materially to its fullness and completeness.
See also:Editions of Wieland's Samtliche Werke appeared in (1794-1802, 45 vols.), (1818-1828, 53 vols.), (1839-1840, 36 vols.), and (1853-1858,
r 6 vols.). The latest edition (4o vols.) was edited by H. Diintzer 1879-1882) ; a new See also:critical edition is at present in preparation by the Prussian See also:Academy. There are numerous editions of selected works, notably by H Prohle in Kurschner's Deutsche Nationalliteratur (vols.
51-56, 1883-1887); by F. Muncker (6 vols., 1889); by W. Bolsche 4 vols., 1902). Collections of Wieland's letters were edited by his son See also:Ludwig (1815) and by H. See also:Gessner (1815-1816); his Letters to Sophie Laroche by F. See also:Horn (182o). See J. G. See also:Gruber, C. M. Wielands Leben (4 vols., 1827-1828) ; H. Doring, C. M. Wieland (1853) ; J. W. Loebell, C. M. Wieland (1858) ; H. Prohle, Lessing, Wieland, See also:Heinse (1876); L. F. Ofterdinger, Wielands Leben and Wirken in Schwaben and in der Schweiz (1877) ; R. Keil, Wieland and See also:Reinhold (1885) ; F. Thalmeyr, Ober Wielands Klassizitdt, Sprache and Stil (1894) ; M. See also:Doll, Wieland and die Antike (1896) ; C. A. Behmer, See also:Sterne and Wieland (1899); W. See also:Lenz, Wielands Verhdltnis zu See also:Spenser, See also:Pope and See also:Swift (19o3) ; L. Hirzel, Wielands Beziehungen zu den deutschen Romantikern (1904). See also M. See also:Koch's See also:article in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (1897). (J. G.
End of Article: WIELAND, CHRISTOPH MARTIN (1733-1813)
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