See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Weigel, that he obtained the instructions of a mathematician of repute; nor was the deeper study of mathematics entered upon till his visit to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

13 called upon to promote, was to maintain the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

Nor did the former ever reach its destination. The French See also:

• QUARREL

Consilium Aegyptiacum. ' A Summary Account of Leibnitz's Memoir addressed to See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

A further scheme of church See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Mathematics, natural science,' philosophy, See also:

• THEOLOGY

Clearness and distinctness alone, he says, are what makes a philosophic style, and no See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

At Amsterdam he saw and conversed with See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

His views have to be gathered from letters to See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

In 1883, a statue was erected to him at Leipzig. Leibnitz possessed a wonderful power of rapid and continuous work. Even in travelling his time was employed in solving mathematical problems. He is described as moderate in his habits, See also:

• QUICK

See also:

• CARTESIANISM

122). Nor do they, like the atoms, act upon one another (p. 68o) ; the action of each excludes that of every other. The activity of each is the result of its own past state, the determinator of its own future (pp. 706, 722). " The monads have no windows by which anything may go in or out " (p. 705). Further, since all substances are of the nature of force, it follows that—" in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

127) ; for the Cartesians were wrong in ignoring the See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

The greater the amount of activity or of distinct perceptions the more perfect is the monad; the stronger the See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

20. actual existence, should put one of them at one definite time and See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

It is essential to notice that it proceeds from the very nature of the monads as percipient, self-acting beings, and not from an arbitrary determination of the Deity. From this harmony of self-determining percipient See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

See also:

• BODY

680). The true vinculum substantiale is not the materia secunda, which a consistent development of Leibnitz's principles can only regard as phenomenal, but the materia prima, through which the monads are individualized and distinguished and their connexion rendered possible. And Leibnitz seems to recognize that the opposite See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

All things, he says (in his Specimen Dynamicum), can be explained either by efficient or by final causes. ' But the latter method is not appropriate to individual occurrences,' though it must be applied when the laws of mechanism themselves need explanation (p. 678). For Descartes's doctrine of the constancy of the quantity of motion ' The difference between an organic and an inorganic body consists, he says, in this, that the former is a machine even in its smallest parts. 2 Opera, ed. Dutens, iii. 321.(i.e. momentum) in the world Leibnitz substitutes the principle of the conservation of vis viva, and contends that the Cartesian position that motion is measured by velocity should be superseded by the law that moving force (vis motrix) is measured by the square of the velocity (pp. 192, 193). The long controversy raised by this criticism was really caused by the See also:

• AMBIGUITY (Fr. ambiguite, med. Lat. ambiguitas, from Lat. ambiguus, doubtful; ambi, both ways, agere, to drive)

108)—a position developed in his statical theorem for determining geometrically the resultant of any number of forces acting at a point. Like the monad, body, which is its analogue, has a passive and an active element. The former is the capacity of resistance, and includes impenetrability and inertia; the latter is active force (pp. 250, 687). Bodies, too, like the monads, are self-contained activities, receiving no impulse from without—it is only by an See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

Each soul or entelechy is surrounded by an infinite number of monads forming its body (p. 714) ; soul and body together make a living being, and, as their laws are in perfect harmony—a harmony established between the whole See also:

• REALM

212). To the See also:

• APHORISM
• APHORISM (from the Gr. a4oA'ecv, to define)

As all knowledge is implicit in the soul, it follows that its perfection depends on the efficiency of the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

The part of his logic on which Leibnitz laid the greatest stress was the separation of these rational cognitions into their simplest elements—for he held that the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

To this art of orderly See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

188, 269). In love one finds joy in the happiness of another; and from love follow justice and law. " Our reason," says Leibnitz,' " illumined by the spirit of God, reveals the law of nature," and with it See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

37. a The places at which Leibnitz anticipated the modern theory of logic mainly due to See also:

• BOOLE, GEORGE (1815-1864)

See also:

• BLUNTSCHLI, JOHANN KASPAR (18o8—1881)

430). In these proofs Leibnitz seems to have in view an extramundane power to whom the monads owe their reality, though such a conception evidently breaks the continuity and harmony of his system, and can only be externally connected with it. But he also speaks in one place at any rate7 of God as the " universal harmony "; and the historians Erdmann and See also:

• ZELLER, EDUARD (1814-1908)

The See also:

• TELEOLOGY (Gr. Taos, end)

149), and at other times reduces moral to metaphysical evil by giving it a merely negative existence, or says that their evil actions are to be referred to men alone, while it is only the power of action that comes from God, and the power of action is good (p. 658). The great problem of Leibnitz's Theodicee thus remains unsolved. The See also:

• SUGGESTION

Op. Phil., p. 716. Werke, ed. Pertz, 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 167. " Si c'est See also:

• ICI

Gerland, Leibnizens nachgelassene Schriften physikalischen, mechanischen and technischen Inhalts (1906); See also:

• JEAN

Guhrauer, G. W. Freiherr von Leibnitz (2 vols., See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Leibniz: sein Leben and Denken (Kothen, 1876) ; Kuno See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

(Leipzig, 1865) ; G. Class, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Cassirer, Leibniz' System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen (1902); L. Couturat, La Logique de Leibniz d'apres des documents inedits (1901); L. Davill6, Leibniz historien (1909); Kuno Fischer, G. W. Leibniz (1889); R. B. Frenzel, Der Associationsbegriff bei Leibniz (1898); R. Herbertz, Die Lehre vom Unbewussten im System des Leibniz (1905) ; H. See also:

• HOFFMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1798–1874)
• HOFFMANN, ERNST THEODOR WILHELM (1776-1822)
• HOFFMANN, JOHANN JOSEPH (1805-1878)

See also:

• NIEL, ADOLPHE (1802-1869)

R.