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See also:MERCATOR, GERARDUS [latinized See also:form of See also:GERHARD KREMER] (1512-1594) , Flemish mathematician and geographer, was See also:born at Rupelmonde, in See also:Flanders, on the 5th of See also:March 1512. Having studied at Bois-le-Due and See also:Louvain (where he matricu-
lated on the 29th of See also:August 1530, and became licentiate in
See also:October 1532), he met Gemma Frisius, a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil of Apian of
See also:Ingolstadt, who at the See also:request of the See also:emperor See also:Charles V. had settled in Louvain. From Frisius See also:young Kremer derived much of his inclination to cartography and scientific See also:geography. In 1534 he founded his See also:geographical See also:establishment at Louvain; in 1537 he published his earliest known See also:map, now lost (Terrae sanctae descriptio). In 1537–1540 he executed his famous survey and map of Flanders (Exactissima Flandriae descriptio), of which a copy exists in the Musee See also:Plantin, See also:Antwerp. At the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of Charles V. Mercator made a See also:complete set of See also:instruments of observation for the emperor's See also:campaigns: when these were destroyed by See also:fire, in 1546, another set was ordered of the same maker. In 1538 appeared Mercator's map of the See also:world in (See also:north and See also:south) hemispheres, which was rediscovered in 1878 in New See also:York; this See also:work shows See also:Ptolemy's See also:influence still dominant over Mercatorian cartography. In 1541 he issued the celebrated terrestrial globe, which he dedicated to See also:Nicolas Perrenot, See also:father of See also:Cardinal Granvelle: this was accompanied by his Libellus de usu globi, which is said to have been presented to Charles V. In 1551 a See also:celestial globe followed. Mercator See also:early began to incline towards Protestantism; in 1533 he had retired for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time from Louvain to Antwerp, partly to avoid inquiry into his religious beliefs; in 1544 he was arrested and prosecuted for See also:heresy, but escaped serious consequences (two of the See also:forty-two arrested with him were burnt, one beheaded, two buried alive). He now thought seriously of emigrating; and when in 1552 See also:Cassander, ordered by the See also:duke of Juliers, See also:Cleves and See also:Berg to organize a university at See also:Duisburg, offered Mercator the See also:chair of cosmography the offer was accepted. The organization of the
university was adjourned, and never completed in Mercator's lifetime; but he now became cosmographer to the duke and permanently settled on the See also:German See also:soil to which many of his ancestors and relatives had belonged. Soon after this, however, he paid a visit to Charles V. at See also:Brussels, and presented the emperor with a cosmos, a celestial See also:sphere enclosing a terrestrial, together with an explanatory Declaratio: this work marks an era in the observation of See also:longitude by magnetic See also:declination, perfected by See also:Halley. Charles rewarded the author with the See also:title of imperatorii domesticus (Hofrath in the See also:epitaph at Duisburg). In 1 554 Mercator published his See also:great map of See also:Europe in six sheets, three or four of which had already been See also:pretty well worked out at Louvain; a copy of this was rediscovered at See also:Breslau in 1889. Herein, though still greatly under Ptolemy's influence, Mercator begins to emancipate himself; thus Ptolemy's 62°for the length of the Mediterranean, reduced to 58° in the globe of 1541, he now cuts down to S3°. On the 28th of October 1556 he observed an See also:eclipse at Duisburg; in 1563 he surveyed See also:Lorraine, at the request of Duke Charles, and completed a map of the same (Lotharingiae descriptio) ; but it is uncertain if this was ever published. In 1564 he engraved See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Camden's map of the See also:British Isles; in 1568 he brought out his Chronologia, hoc est temporum demonstratio . . . ab initio mundi usque ad annum domini 1568, ex eclipsibus et observationibus astronomicis. In the same See also:year was published his memorable planisphere for use in See also:navigation, the first map on " Mercator's See also:projection," with the See also:parallels and meridians at right angles (Nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio ad usum navigantium accommodata). Improvements were introduced in this projection by See also:Edward See also:Wright in 1590; the more See also:general use of it See also:dates from about 163o, and largely came about through Dieppese support. In 1572 Mercator issued a second edition of his map of Europe; in 1578 appeared his Tabulae geographicae ad mentem Ptelemaei restitutae et emendatae; and in 1585 the first See also:part (containing See also:Germany, See also:France and See also:Belgium) of the See also:Atlas, sire cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi, in which he planned to See also:crown his work by uniting in one See also:volume his various detailed maps, so as to form a general description of the globe In 1585 he adapted his Europe to the Atlas; in 1587, with the help of his son Rumold, he added to the same a world-map (Orbis terrarum compendiosa descriptio), followed in 1590 by a second See also:series of detailed maps (See also:Italy, Slavonia, See also:Greece and See also:Candia). The See also:rest of the regional and other plans in this under-taking, mostly begun by See also:Gerard, were finished by Rumold; they include See also:Iceland and the Polar regions, the British Isles (dedicated to See also:Queen See also:Elizabeth), the Scandinavian countries (dedicated to Henr. Ranzovius), See also:Prussia and See also:Livonia, See also:Russia, Lithuania, Transylvania, the See also:Crimea, See also:Asia, See also:Africa and See also:America (in the last See also:Michael Mercator, in Asia and Africa Gerard Mercator the younger, assisted) The designs are accompanied by cosmographical and other See also:dissertations, some of the theological views in which were condemned as heretical (see the Duisburg edition of 1594, See also:folio). In 1592 Mercator published, two years after his first apoplectic stroke, a See also:Harmonia evangeliorum. He died on the 5th of See also:December 1594, and was buried in St Saviour's See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, Duisburg. Besides his famous projection, he did excellent service with See also:Ortelius in helping to See also:free the geography of the 16th See also:century from the tyranny of Ptolemy; his map and See also:instrument work is noteworthy for its delicate precision and admirable See also:execution in detail.
See the Vita Mercatoris by Gualterus Ghymnius in the Latin See also:editions of the Atlas; Gerard Mercator, sa See also:vie et ses suvres, by Dr J. See also:van Raemdonck (St Nicolas, 1869); A. Breusing, Gerhard Kremer (Duisburg, 1878), and See also:article " Mercator " in Ald emeine deutsche Biographic; General Wauwermans, Histoire de l'ecoie cartographique beige . . an X VI.-siecle, and article " Mercator " in Biographic nationale (de Belgique), vol. xiv. (Brussels, 1897). Also the lesser studies of Dr J. van Raemdonck, Sur See also:les exemplaires See also:des grandes cartes de Mercator; See also:Carte de Flandre de Mercator; Relations entre
Mercator et . . . Plantin . (St Nicolas, 1884) ; La Geographie ancienne de la See also:Palestine: Lettre de Gerard Mercator , See also:mat 22, 1567 (St N., 1884) ; Les See also:Spheres terrestre et See also:celeste de Mercator, 1541 . . . 1551 (St N., 1885); Van Ortroy, L'CEuvre eographi ue
de Mercator. (C. R.
End of Article: MERCATOR, GERARDUS [latinized form of GERHARD KREMER] (1512-1594)
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