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NIEL, ADOLPHE (1802-1869)

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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 670 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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NIEL, ADOLPHE (1802-1869)

NIEL, ADOLPHE (1802-1869) , See also:

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

France, was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Muret on the 4th of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1802, and entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1821, whence he passed to the engineer school at See also:

METZ

Metz, becoming See also:

LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in the See also:

ENGINEERS, MILITARY

Engineers in 1827 and See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in 1833. At the storming of See also:

CONSTANTINE

Constantine he led the engineer detachment with one of the storming parties, and his conduct gained for him the See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of chef de bataillon (1837). In 184o he was promoted lieutenant-See also:

COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel, and in 1846 colonel, and his next See also:

war service was as See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff to See also:

General Vaillant during the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

Rome (1849), after which he was made general of See also:

BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade and director of engineer services at headquarters. In 1851 he became a member of the See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of Fortifications, in the following See also:

YEAR

year a member of the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

state, and in 18J3 general of See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division. In the first See also:

PART

part of the See also:

CRIMEAN

Crimean War he was employed in the expedition to the Baltic, and directed engineer operations against Bomarsund, but See also:

early in 1855 he was sent to the See also:

CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea, where he succeeded General Bizot as chief of engineers. For some years he had been the most trusted military adviser of See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon III., and he was now empowered to advise the generals on the spot in accordance with the wishes of the See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign and the See also:

home See also:

government. This delicate and difficult task Niel managed to carry out with as much success as could be expected, and he had the See also:

CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of directing the siege operations against the Malakoff (see CRIMEAN WAR). His See also:

REWARD

reward was the See also:

GRAND

grand See also:

CROSS

cross of the See also:

LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour. From 1855 to 18J9 he was employed at headquarters, and also served in the See also:

SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate. In the war against the Austrians in the latter year (see See also:

ITALIAN

ITALIAN See also:

WARS

WARS) Niel commanded the IV. See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, and took a brilliant part in the battles of See also:

MAGENTA

Magenta and See also:

SOLFERINO

Solferino. On the See also:

field of See also:

BATTLE

battle of Solferino he was made a marshal of France. After service for some years in a home command, he became See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of war (1867).

In this capacity he drafted and began to carry out a far-reaching See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of See also:

army reform, based on universal service and the automatic creation of large reserves, which needed only See also:

time to mature. He also rearmed the whole of the army with the chassepbt See also:

RIFLE

rifle. But he did not live to See also:

COMPLETE

complete the development of his See also:

SYSTEM

system. He died on the 13th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1869 in See also:

Paris, and a year later the Franco-See also:

German War destroyed the old imperial army upon which the new formations were to have been grafted.

End of Article: NIEL, ADOLPHE (1802-1869)

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