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See also:SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza) , the See also:capital of the See also:Spanish See also:province of Saragossa and formerly of the See also:kingdom of See also:Aragon, seat of an See also:archbishop, of a See also:court of See also:appeal, and of the See also:captain-See also:general of Aragon; on the right See also:bank of the See also:river See also:Ebro, 212 M. by See also:rail N.E. of See also:Madrid. Pop. (1900) 99,118. Saragossa is an important railway junction; it is connected by See also:direct See also:main lines with See also:Valladolid, Madrid and See also:Valencia in the See also:west and See also:south, and by the Ebro Valley Railway with See also:Catalonia and the Basque Provinces; it is also the starting-point of See also:railways to the See also:northern districts of Aragon and to Carinena on the south-west. The See also:city is built in an See also:oasis of highly cultivated See also:land, irrigated by a multitude of streams which distribute the See also:waters of the Imperial See also:Canal, and surrounded by an arid See also:plain exposed to the violent See also:gales which See also:blow down, hot in summer and icy in See also:winter, from the Castilian See also:plateau. The monthly range of temperature frequently varies by as much as 50° Fahr., and the See also:climate is rarely pleasant for many consecutive days except in See also:spring, when warm easterly winds blow from the Mediterranean. The city is surrounded by gardens, farms and See also:country-houses (locally known as torres, " towers "). Seen from a distance it has a See also:fine See also:appearance owing to the number of its domes and towers; on a nearer approach it presents a remarkable contrast between the older streets, narrow, gloomy, See also:ill-paved and lined with the fortress-like palaces of the old Aragonese See also:nobility, and the business and residential quarters,. which are as well built as any See also:part of Madrid or See also:Barcelona. Saragossa is thus in appearance at once one of the See also:oldest and one of the newest of Spanish cities.
One' of its two See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone See also:bridges, the seven-arched Puente de Piedra, See also:dates from 1447; there is also an See also:iron See also:bridge for the railway to See also:Pamplona. Beside the river there are public walks and avenues of See also:poplar; the suburb on the See also:left bank is named Arrabal. The two most important buildings of Saragossa are its cathedrals, to each of
which the See also:chapter is attached for six months in the See also:year. La Seo (" The See ") is the older of the two, dating chiefly from the 14th See also:century; its prevailing See also:style .is See also:Gothic, but the oldest portion, the See also:lower walls of the See also:apse, is See also:Byzantine. The Iglesia Metropolitana del Pilar is the larger See also:building, dating only from the latter See also:half of the 17th century; it was built after designs by See also:Herrera el Mozo, and owes it name to one of the most venerated See also:objects in See also:Spain, the " See also:pillar " of See also:jasper on which the Virgin is said to have alighted when she manifested herself to St See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James as he passed through Saragossa. It has little architectural merit; externally its most conspicuous features are its cupolas, which are decorated with rows of See also:green, yellow and See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white glazed tiles. The See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of See also:San Pablo dates mainly from the 13th century. The Torre Nueva, an octangular See also:clock See also:tower in diapered See also:brickwork, dating from 1504, was pulled down in 1892; it leaned some 9 or 10 ft. from the perpendicular, owing to faulty See also:foundations, which ultimately rendered it unsafe. Among other conspicuous public buildings are the municipal buildings, the See also:exchange (Lonja), and the See also:civil and military hospitals and See also:almshouse (Hospicio provincial), which are among the largest in Spain. The university was founded in 1474, but its See also:history has not been brilliant. To the west of the See also:town is the Aljaferia or old citadel, originally built as a See also:palace by the See also:Moors and also used as such by its See also:Christian owners. See also:Late in the 15th century it was assigned by See also:Ferdinand and See also:Isabella to the See also:Inquisition, and has since been used as a military See also:hospital, as a See also:prison and as See also:barracks. Saragossa is the headquarters of a large agricultural See also:trade; its See also:industries include iron-See also:founding, tanning, See also:brewing, See also:distillation of See also:spirits, and manufactures of machinery, candles, See also:soap, See also:glass and See also:porcelain.
History.—Saragossa (Celtiberian, Salduba) was made a See also:colony by See also:Augustus at the See also:close of the Celtiberian See also:War (25 B.C.), and renamed Caesarea See also:Augusta or Caesaraugusta, from which " Saragossa " is derived. Under the See also:Romans it was a highly privileged city, the See also:chief commercial and military station in the Ebro valley, and the seat of one of the four conventus juridici (assizes) of Hither Spain. It is now, however, almost destitute of antiquities dating from the See also:Roman occupation. It was captured in 452 by the See also:Suebi, and in 476 by the Visigoths, whose See also:rule lasted until the Moorish See also:conquest in 712, and under whom Saragossa was the first city to abandon the Arian See also:heresy. In 777 its Moorish ruler, the See also:viceroy of Barcelona, appealed to See also:Charlemagne for aid against the powerful See also:caliph of See also:Cordova, Abd-ar-Rahman I. Charlemagne besieged the Cordovan See also:army in Sarkosta, as the city was then called; but a See also:rebellion of his Saxon subjects compelled him to withdraw his army, which suffered defeat at See also:Roncesvalles (q.v.), while recrossing the See also:Pyrenees. The Moors were finally expelled by See also:Alphonso I. of Aragon in 1118, after a See also:siege lasting nine months in which the defenders were reduced to terrible straits by See also:famine. As the capital of Aragon, Saragossa prospered greatly until the second half of the 15th century, when the See also:marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella (1469) resulted in the transference of the court to See also:Castile. In 1710 the allied See also:British and See also:Austrian armies defeated the forces of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip V. at Saragossa in the war of the Spanish See also:Succession; but it was in the See also:Peninsular War (q.v.) that the city reached the See also:zenith of its fame. An ill-armed See also:body of citizens, led by Jose de Palafox y Melzi (see PALAFOX), whose chief lieutenants were a See also:priest and two peasants, held the hastily-entrenched city against See also:Marshal See also:Lefebvre from the 15th of See also:June to the 15th of See also:August 1808. The siege was then raised in consequence of the See also:reverse suffered by the See also:French at Bailen (q.v.), but it was renewed on the 20th of See also:December, and on the 27th of See also:January the invaders entered the city. Even then they encountered a desperate resistance, and it was not until the 20th of See also:February that the defenders were compelled to capitulate, after more than three See also:weeks of continuous See also:street fighting. About 50,00o persons, the See also:majority non-combatants, perished in the city, largely through famine and disease. Among the defenders was the famous " Maid of Saragossa," Maria Agustin, whose exploits were described by See also:Byron in Childe Harold (1, 55 sqq.).
End of Article: SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
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