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HUBNER, JOSEPH ALEXANDER, COUNT (1811...

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 847 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HUBNER, See also:JOSEPH See also:ALEXANDER, See also:COUNT (1811-1892) , See also:Austrian diplomatist, was See also:born in See also:Vienna on the 26th of See also:November 1811. His real name was Hafenbredl, which he after-wards changed to Hubner. He began his public career in 1833 under Metternich, whose confidence he soon gained, and who sent him in 1837 as attache to See also:Paris. In 1841 he became secretary of See also:embassy at See also:Lisbon, and in 1844 Austrian See also:consul-See also:general at See also:Leipzig. In 1848 he was sent to See also:Milan to conduct the See also:diplomatic See also:correspondence of See also:Archduke Rainer, See also:viceroy of See also:Lombardy. On the outbreak of the revolution he was seized as a See also:hostage, and remained a prisoner for some months. Returning to See also:Austria, he was entrusted with the compilation of the documents and proclamations See also:relating to the See also:abdication of the See also:Emperor See also:Ferdinand and the See also:accession of See also:Francis Joseph. His See also:journal, an invaluable See also:clue to the complicated intrigues of this See also:period, was published in 189r in See also:French and See also:German, under the See also:title of Une Annee de ma See also:vie, 1848-1849. In See also:March 1849 he was sent on a See also:special See also:mission to Paris, and later in the same See also:year was appointed See also:ambassador to See also:France. To his See also:influence was in large measure due the friendly attitude of Austria to the See also:Allies in the See also:Crimean See also:War, at the See also:close of which he represented Austria at the See also:congress of Paris in 1856. He allowed himself, however, to be taken by surprise by See also:Napoleon's intervention on behalf of See also:Italian unity, of which the first public intimation was given by the French emperor's See also:cold reception of Hubner on New Year's See also:Day, 1859, with the famous words: " I regret that our relations with your See also:Government are not so See also:good as they have hitherto been," He did not return to Paris after the war, and after holding the See also:ministry of See also:police in the See also:Goluchowski See also:cabinet from See also:August to See also:October 1859, lived in retirement till 1865, when he became ambassador at See also:Rome. Quitting this See also:post in 1867, he undertook extensive travels, his descriptions of which appeared as See also:Promenade autour du monde, 1871 (1873; See also:English See also:translation by See also:Lady See also:Herbert, 1874) and Through the See also:British See also:Empire (1886).

Written in a See also:

bright and entertaining See also:style, and characterized by shrewd observation, they achieved considerable popularity in their See also:time. A more serious effort was his Sixte-Quint (187o, translated into English by H. E. H. Jerningham under the title of The See also:Life and Times of See also:Sixtus the Fifth, 1872), an See also:original contribution to the See also:history of the period, based on unpublished documents at the Vatican, See also:Simancas and See also:Venice. In 1879 he was made a life-member of the Austrian Upper See also:House, where he sat as a Clerical and Conservative. He had received the See also:rank of See also:Baron (Freiherr) in 1854, and in 1888 was raised to the higher rank of Count (See also:Graf). He died at Vienna on the 3oth of See also:July 1892. Though himself of See also:middle-class origin, he was a profound admirer of the old aristocratic regime, and found his See also:political ideals in his former chiefs, Metternich and See also:Schwarzenberg. As the last survivor of the Metternich school, he became towards the close of his life more and more out of See also:touch with the trend of See also:modern politics, but remained a conspicuous figure in the Upper House and at the See also:annual delegations. That he possessed the breadtlr of mind to appreciate the working of a See also:system at See also:total variance with his own school of thought was shown by his grasp of British colonial questions. It is interesting, in view of subsequent events, to See also:note his emphatic belief in the See also:loyalty of the British colonies—a belief not shared at that time by many statesmen with far greater experience of democratic institutions.

See See also:

Sir Ernest Satow, An Austrian Diplomatist in the Fifties (1908). HUC, EVARISTE RtGIS . (1813-1860), French missionary-traveller, was born at See also:Toulouse, on the 1st of August 1813. In his twenty-See also:fourth year he entered the See also:congregation of the Lazarists at Paris, and shortly after receiving See also:holy orders in ment 1900); Inscriptiones Britanniae Latinae (1873), I.B. Christianae (1876); La Arqueologia de Espana (1888); Monu- ments linguae Hibericae (1893). Hubner was also the author of two books of the greatest utility to the classical student: 1839 went out to See also:China. At See also:Macao he spent some eighteen months in the Lazarist See also:seminary, preparing himself for the See also:regular See also:work of a missionary. Having acquired some command of the See also:Chinese See also:tongue, and modified his See also:personal See also:appearance and See also:dress in accordance with Chinese See also:taste, he started from See also:Canton. He at first superintended a See also:Christian mission in the See also:southern provinces, and then passing to See also:Peking, where he perfected his knowledge of the See also:language, eventually settled in the Valley of See also:Black See also:Waters or He Shuy, a little to the See also:north of the See also:capital, and just within the See also:borders of See also:Mongolia. There, beyond the See also:Great See also:Wall, a large but scattered See also:population of native Christians had found a See also:refuge from the persecutions of Kia-See also:King, to be See also:united See also:half a See also:century later in a vast but vague apostolic vicariate. The assiduity with which Huc devoted himself to the study of the dialects and customs of the See also:Tatars, for whom at the cost of much labour he translated various religious See also:works, was an admirable preparation for undertaking in 1844, at the instigation of the See also:vicar apostolic of Mongolia, an expedition whose See also:object was to dissipate the obscurity which hung over the See also:country and habits of the Tibetans. See also:September. of that year found the missionary at Dolon Nor occupied with the final arrangements for his See also:journey, and shortly afterwards, accompanied by his See also:fellow-Lazarist, Joseph Gabet, and a See also:young Tibetan See also:priest who had embraced See also:Christianity, he set out.

To See also:

escape See also:attention the little party assumed the dress of lamas or priests. See also:Crossing the Hwang-ho, they advanced into the terrible sandy See also:tract known as the Ordos See also:Desert. After suffering dreadfully from want of See also:water and See also:fuel they entered Kansu, having recrossed the flooded Hwang-ho, but it was not till See also:January 1845 that they reached Tang-Kiul on the boundary. Rather than encounter alone the horrors of a four months' journey to See also:Lhasa they resolved to wait for eight months :till the arrival of a Tibetan embassy on its return from Peking. Under an intelligent teacher they meanwhile studied the Tibetan language and Buddhist literature, and during three months of their stay they resided in the famous Kunbum Lamasery, which was reported to accommodate 4000 persons. Towards the end of September they joined the returning embassy, which comprised 2000 men and 3700 animals. Crossing the deserts of Koko Nor, they passed the great See also:lake of that name, with its See also:island of contemplative lamas, and, following a difficult and tortuous track across See also:snow-covered mountains, they at last entered Lhasa on the 29th of January 1846. Favourably received by the See also:regent, they opened a little See also:chapel, and were in a See also:fair way to establish an important mission, when the Chinese ambassador interfered and had the two missionaries conveyed back to Canton, where they arrived in October of the same year. For nearly three years Huc remained at Canton, but Gabet, returning to See also:Europe, proceeded thence to Rio de Janeiro, and died there shortly afterwards. Huc returned to Europe in shattered See also:health in 1852, visiting See also:India, See also:Egypt and See also:Palestine on his way, and, after a prolonged See also:residence in Paris, died on the 3Ist of March 186o. His writings comprise, besides numerous letters and See also:memoirs In the Annales de la See also:propagation de la foi, the famous Souvenirs d'un voyage daps la Tartarie, le Thibet, et la Chine See also:pendant See also:les annees 1844–1846 (2 vols., Paris, 185o; Eng. trans. by W. See also:Hazlitt, 1851, abbreviated by M.

See also:

Jones, See also:London, 1867); its supplement, crowned by the See also:Academy, entitled L'Empire chinois (2 vols., Paris, 1854; Eng. trans., London, 1859); and an elaborate See also:historical work, Le Christianisme en Chine, See also:Fee. (4 vols., Paris, 1857–1858; Eng. trans., London, 1857–1858). These works are written in a lucid, racy, picturesque style, which secured for them an unusual degree of popularity. The Souvenirs is a narrative of a remarkable feat of travel, and contains passages of so singular a See also:character as in the See also:absence of corroborative testimony to stir up a feeling of incredulity. That Huc was suspected unjustly was amply proved by later re-See also:search. But he was by no means a See also:practical geographer, and the See also:record of his travels loses greatly in value from the want of precise scientific data. See, for See also:information specially relating to the whole subject, the See also:Abbe Desgodin's Mission du Thibet de 1855 a 1870 (See also:Verdun, 1872); and " See also:Account of the See also:Pundit's Journey in Great See also:Tibet," in the Royal See also:Geographical Society's Journal for 1877.

End of Article: HUBNER, JOSEPH ALEXANDER, COUNT (1811-1892)

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