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CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF JULIUS EMMANUEL (182...
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See also:CLAUSIUS, See also:RUDOLF See also:JULIUS See also:EMMANUEL (1822-1888) , See also:German physicist, was See also:born on the 2nd of See also:January 1822 at See also:Koslin, in See also:Pomerania. After attending the Gymnasium at See also:Stettin, he studied at See also:Berlin University from 1840 to 1844. In 1848 he took his degree at See also:Halle, and in 185o was appointed See also:professor of physics in the royal See also:artillery and See also:engineering school at Berlin. See also:Late in the same See also:year he delivered his inaugural lecture as Privatdocent in the university. In 1855 he became an See also:ordinary professor at See also:Zurich See also:Polytechnic, accepting at the same See also:time a professorship in the university of Zurich. In 1867 he moved to Wifrzburg as professor of physics, and two years later was appointed to the same See also:chair at See also:Bonn, where he died on the 24th of See also:August 1888. During the Franco-German See also:War he was at the See also:head of an See also:ambulance See also:corps composed of Bonn students, and received the See also:Iron See also:Cross for the services he rendered at See also:Vionville and See also:Gravelotte. The See also:work of Clausius, who was a mathematical rather than an experimental physicist, was concerned with many of the most abstruse problems of molecular physics. By his restatement of See also:Carnot's principle he put the theory of See also:heat on a truer and sounder basis, and he deserves the See also:credit of having made See also:thermodynamics a See also:science; he enunciated the second See also:law, in a See also:paper contributed to the Berlin See also:Academy in 185o, in the well-known See also:form, " Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter See also:body." His results he applied to an exhaustive development of the theory of the See also:steam-See also:engine, laying stress in particular on the conception of entropy. The kinetic theory of gases owes much to his labours, Clerk See also:Maxwell calling him its See also:principal founder. It was he who raised it, on the basis of the dynamical theory of heat, to the level of a theory, and he carried out many numerical determinations in connextion with it, e.g. of the mean See also:free path of a See also:molecule. To Clausius also was due an important advance in the theory of See also:electrolysis, and he put forward the See also:idea that molecules in electrolytes are continually interchanging atoms, the electric force not causing, but merely directing, the interchange. This view found little favour until 1887, when it was taken up by S.A. See also:Arrhenius, who made it the basis of the theory of electrolytic See also:dissociation. In addition to many scientific papers he wrote See also:Die Potentialfunktion and das Potential, 1864, and Abhandlungen uber die mechanische lVarmetheor•ie, 1864-1867. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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