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SAMANIDS
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SAMANIDS , the first See also:great native See also:dynasty which sprang up in the 9th See also:century in E. See also:Persia, and, though nominally provincial See also:governors under the See also:suzerainty of the caliphs of See also:Bagdad, succeeded in a very See also:short See also:time in establishing an almost See also:independent See also:rule over Transoxiana and the greater See also:part of Persia. Under the See also:caliphate of See also:Mamun, Saman, a See also:Persian See also:noble of See also:Balkh, who was a See also:close friend of the Arab See also:governor of See also:Khorasan, Asad. b. Abdallah, was converted from Zoroastrianism to See also:Islam. His son Asad, named after Asad b. Abdallah, had four sons who rendered distinguished services to Mamun. In return they all received provinces: NO obtained See also:Samarkand; Abmad, See also:Ferghana; Yahya, Shash; Ilyas, See also:Herat. Of these Abmad and his second son See also:Ismail overthrew the Saffarids (q.v.) and the Zaidites of Tabaristan, and thus the Samanids established themselves with the See also:sanction of the See also:caliph Motamid in their See also:capital See also:Bokhara. The first ruler (874) was Nagr I. (Nagr or Nagir b. Abmad b. Asad. b. Saman). He was succeeded by his See also:brother Isma'il b. Abmad (892). His descendants and successors, all renowned for the high impulse they gave both to the patriotic feelings and the See also:national See also:poetry of See also:modern Persia (see PERSIA: Literature), were Abmad b. Isma'l (907-913); Nagr II. b. Abmad, the See also:patron and friend of the great poet Rudagi (913-942) ; Nub I. b. See also:Nast. (942-954) ; Abdalmalik I. b. Nub (954-961); Mansur I. b. Nub, whose See also:vizier Bal'ami translated See also:Tabari's universal See also:history into Persian (961-976) ; Nub II. b. Mansur, whose See also:court-poet Daqiqi (Dalilfi) began the Sheihnama (476-997); Manger II. b. Nub (997-999); and Abdalmalik 1I. b. Nub (999), under whom the Samanid dynastywas conquered by the Ghaznevids. The rulers of this powerful See also:house, whose See also:silver dirhems had an extensive currency during the Ioth century all over the N. of See also:Asia, and were brought, through See also:Russian caravans, even so far as to See also:Pomerania, See also:Sweden and See also:Norway, where Samanid coins have been found in great number, were in their turn overthrown by a more youthful and vigorous See also:race, that of Sabuktagin, which founded the illustrious Ghaznevid dynasty and the Mussulman See also:empire of See also:India. Under Abdalmalik I. a See also:Turkish slave, Alptagin, had been entrusted with the See also:government of Bokhara, but, showing himself hostile to Mansur I., he was compelled to See also:fly and to take See also:refuge in the mountainous regions of See also:Ghazni, where he soon established a semi-independent rule, to which, after his See also:death in 977 (367 A.H.), his son-in-See also:law Sabuktagin, likewise a former Turkish slave, succeeded. Nub II., in See also:order to retain at least a nominal sway over those Afghan territories, confirmed him in his high position and even invested Sabuktagin's son Mahmud with the governorship of Khorasan, in See also:reward for the powerful help they had given him In his desperate struggles with a See also:confederation of disaffected nobles of Bokhara under the leadership of Fa'iq and the troops of the Dailamites, a dynasty that had arisen on the shores of the See also:Caspian See also:Sea and wrested already from the hands of the Samanids all their western provinces. Unfortunately, Sabuktagin died in the same See also:year as Nub II. (997, 387 A.H.), and Mahmud (q.v.), confronted with an See also:internal contest against his own brother Ismail, had to withdraw his See also:attention for a short time from the affairs in Khorasan and Transoxiana. This See also:interval sufficed for the old See also:rebel See also:leader Fa'iq, supported by a strong Tatar See also:army under the Ilek See also:Khan See also:Abu'l Hosain Nagr I., to turn Nub's successor Mansur II. into a See also:mere puppet, to concentrate all the See also:power in his own See also:hand, and to induce even his nominal See also:master to reject Mahmud's application for a continuance of his governorship in Khorasan. Mahmud refrained for the moment from vindicating his right; but, as soon as, through court intrigues, Mansur II. had been dethroned, he took See also:possession of , Khorasan, deposed Manger's successor Abdalmalik II., and assumed as an independent monarch for the first time in See also:Asiatic history the See also:title of " See also:sultan." The last See also:prince of the house of Saman, Montagir, a bold See also:warrior and a poet of no mean See also:talent, carried on for some years a See also:kind of guerilla warfare against both Mahmud and the Ilek Khan, who had occupied Transoxiana, till he was assassinated in 1005 (395 A.H.). Transoxiana itself was annexed to the Ghaznevid See also:realm eleven years later, To16 (407 A.H.). See S. See also:Lane See also:Poole, See also:Mahommedan Dynasties (1894), pp. 131-133; Stockvis, See also:Manuel d'histoire (See also:Leiden, 1888), vol. i. p. 113; also articles CALIPHATE and PERSIA: History, See also:section B, and for the later See also:period MAIJMUD, See also:SELJUKS, See also:MONGOLS. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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