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See also:ISMAIL (1830-1895) , See also:khedive of See also:Egypt, was See also:born at See also:Cairo See also:sterling (as opposed to three millions when he became See also:viceroy) on the 31st of See also:December 1830, being the second of the three sons had been incurred by the khedive, whose fundamental See also:idea of of See also:Ibrahim and See also:grandson of Mehemet See also:Ali. After receiving a liquidating his borrowings was to See also:borrow at increased See also:interest. See also:European See also:education at See also:Paris, where he attended the Ecole The See also:bond-holders became restive. Judgments were given d'etat-See also:Major, he returned See also:home, and on the See also:death of his See also:elder against the khedive in the See also:international tribunals. When he See also:brother became See also:heir to his See also:uncle, Said Mohammed, the Vali of could raise no more loans he sold his See also:Suez See also:Canal shares (in 1875) Egypt. Said, who apparently conceived his own safety to See also:lie in to See also:Great See also:Britain for £3,976,582; and this was immediately See also:ridding himself as much as possible of the presence of his See also:nephew, followed by the beginning of See also:foreign intervention. In December employed him in the next few years on See also:missions abroad, notably 1875 Mr See also:Stephen See also:Cave was sent out by the See also:British See also:government to the See also:pope, the See also:emperor See also:Napoleon III. and the See also:sultan of See also:Turkey. to inquire into the finances of Egypt, and in See also:April 1876 his See also:report In 1861 he was despatched at the See also:head of an See also:army of 14,000 to was published, advising that in view of the See also:waste and extravaquell an insurrection in the See also:Sudan, and this he successfully gance it was necessary for foreign See also:Powers to interfere in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to accomplished. On the death of Said, on 18th See also:January 1863, restore See also:credit. The result was the See also:establishment of the Caisse Ismail was proclaimed viceroy without opposition. Being of an de la Dette. In See also:October Mr (afterwards See also:Lord) See also:Goschen and M. Orientally extravagant disposition, he found with considerable See also:Joubert made a further investigation, which resulted in the gratification that the See also:Egyptian See also:revenue was vastly increased by establishment of Anglo-See also:French See also:control. A further See also:commission the rise in the value of See also:cotton which resulted from the See also:American of inquiry by Major See also:Baring (afterwards Lord See also:Cromer) and others See also:Civil See also:War, the Egyptian See also:crop being See also:worth about £25,000,000 in 1878 culminated in Ismail making over his estates to the instead of £5,000,000. Besides acquiring luxurious tastes in his nation and accepting the position of a constitutional See also:sovereign, sojourns abroad, Ismail had discovered that the civilized nations with Nubar as premier, Mr (afterwards See also:Sir See also:Charles) See also:Rivers of See also:Europe made a See also:free use of their credit for raising loans. He See also:- WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
- WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
- WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
- WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
- WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
- WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
- WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
- WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
- WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
- WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
- WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
- WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
- WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
- WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
- WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )
Wilson as See also:finance See also:minister, and M. de Blignieres as minister of proceeded at once to apply this idea to his own See also:country by public See also:works. Ismail professed to be quite pleased. " Egypt," transferring his private debts to the See also:state and launching out on he said, " is no longer in See also:Africa; it is See also:part of Europe." The new a See also:grand See also:scale of See also:expenditure. Egypt was in his eyes the ruler's regime, however, only lasted six months, and then Ismail disestate which was to be exploited for his benefit and his renown. missed his ministers, an occasion being deliberately prepared His own position had to be strengthened, and the country by his getting Arabi (q.v.) to foment a military pronunciamiento. provided with institutions after European See also:models. To these See also:England and See also:France took the See also:matter seriously, and insisted See also:objects Ismail applied himself with See also:energy and cleverness, but (May 1879) on the reinstatement of the British and French without any stint of expense. During the 'sixties and 'seventies ministers; but the situation was no longer a possible one; the Egypt became the happy See also:hunting-ground of self-seeking financiers, tribunals were still giving judgments for See also:debt against the govern-to whose schemes Ismail See also:fell an easy and a willing See also:prey. In ment, and when See also:Germany and See also:Austria showed signs of intending 1866-1867 he obtained from the sultan of Turkey, in See also:exchange to enforce See also:execution, the governments of Great Britain and for an increase in the See also:tribute, firmans giving him the See also:title of France perceived that the only See also:chance of setting matters straight khedive, and changing the See also:law of See also:succession to See also:direct descent was to get rid of Ismail altogether. He was first advised to from See also:father to son; and in 1873 he obtained a new See also:firman abdicate, and a few days afterwards (26th See also:June); as he did not making him to a large extent See also:independent. He projected vast take the hint, he received a telegram from the sultan (who had schemes of See also:internal reform, remodelling the customs See also:system not forgotten the earlier See also:history of Mehemet Ali's See also:dynasty), and the See also:post See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, stimulating commercial progress, creating addressed to him as ex-khedive, and informing him that his son a See also:sugar See also:industry, introducing European improvements into Tewfik was his successor. Ile at once See also:left Egypt for See also:Naples, but Cairo and See also:Alexandria, See also:building palaces, entertaining lavishly eventually was permitted by the sultan to retire to his See also:palace and maintaining an See also:opera and a See also:theatre. It has been calculated of Emirghian on the See also:Bosporus. There he remained, more or less that, of the See also:total amount of debt incurred by Ismail for his a state prisoner, till his death on the 2nd of See also:March 1895. Ismail projects, about 1o% may have been sunk in works of permanent was a See also:man of undoubted ability and remarkable powers. But utility—always excluding the Suez Canal. Meanwhile the beneath a See also:veneer of French See also:manners and education he remained opening of the Canal had given him opportunities for asserting throughout a thorough See also:Oriental, though without any of the himself in foreign courts. On his See also:accession he refused to ratify moral earnestness which characterizes the better See also:side of Mahomthe concessions to the Canal See also:company made by Said, and the medanism. Some of his ambitions were not unworthy, and question was referred in 1864 to the See also:arbitration of Napoleon III., though his attitude towards western See also:civilization was essentially who awarded £3,800,000 to the company as See also:compensation for cynical, he undoubtedly helped to make the Egyptian upper the losses they would incur by the changes which Ismail insisted classes realize the value of European education_ Moreover, upon in the See also:original See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant. Ismail then used every available spendthrift as he was, it needed—as is pointed out in See also:Milner's means, by his own undoubted powers of See also:fascination and by England in Egypt—a See also:series of unfortunate conditions to render judicious expenditure, to bring his See also:personality before the foreign his personality as pernicious to his country as it actually became. sovereigns and public, and he had no little success. He was made " It needed a nation of submissive slaves, not only bereft of any G.C.B. in 1867, and in the same See also:year visited Paris and See also:London, vestige of liberal institutions, but devoid of the slightest spark where he was received by See also:Queen See also:Victoria and welcomed by the of the spirit of See also:liberty. It needed a bureaucracy which it would lord See also:mayor; and in 1869 he again paid a visit to England. have been hard to equal for its See also:combination of cowardice and The result was that the opening of the Canal in See also:November 1869 corruption. It needed the whole gang of swindlers—mostly enabled him to claim to See also:rank among European sovereigns, and European—by whom Ismail was surrounded. " It was his See also:early to give and receive royal honours: this excited the See also:jealousy of encouragement of Arabi, and his introduction of swarms of the sultan, but Ismail was See also:clever enough to pacify his overlord. foreign concession-hunters, which precipitated the " See also:national
In 1876 the old system of consular See also:jurisdiction for foreigners See also:movement " that led to British occupation. His greatest title to
was modified, and the system of mixed courts introduced, by remembrance in history must be that he made Eteropean interven-
which European and native See also:judges sat together to try all civil 1 tion in Egypt compulsory. - (H. Ca.)
Ismail's See also:book Tagoua7yat el Iman was published in Hindustani and translated in the See also:Journal of the Royal See also:Asiatic Society, xiii. 1852.
End of Article: ISMAIL (1830-1895)
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