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GOSCHEN, GEORGE JOACHIM GOSCHEN

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 264 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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GOSCHEN, GEORGE JOACHIM GOSCHEN

GOSCHEN, See also:
GEORGE
GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
GEORGE, LAKE
GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)
GEORGE See also:
JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)
JOACHIM GOSCHEN , 1st See also:

VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

VISCOUNT (1831-1907), See also:

BRITISH

British statesman, son of See also:

William See also:

Henry Goschen, a See also:

LONDON

London See also:

MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of See also:

German extraction, was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in London on the loth of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1831. He was educated at See also:

RUGBY

Rugby under Dr See also:

Tait, and at See also:

Oriel See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

Oxford, where he took a first-class in See also:

CLASSICS

classics. He entered his See also:

FATHER

father's See also:

FIRM

firm of FrUhling & Goschen, of See also:

Austin Friars, in 1853, and three years later became a director of the See also:

BANK

Bank of See also:

England. His entry into public lifetook See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in 1863, when he was returned without opposition as member for the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of London in the Liberal See also:

INTEREST

interest, and this was followed by his re-See also:

election, at the See also:

head of the See also:

POLL

poll, in the See also:

general election of 1865. In See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November of the same See also:

YEAR

year he was appointed See also:

VICE

vice-See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of See also:

Trade and paymaster-general, and in See also:

JANUARY

January 1866 he was made See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the duchy of See also:

Lancaster, with a seat in the See also:

CABINET

cabinet. When Mr See also:

Gladstone became See also:

PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister in See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1868, Mr Goschen joined the cabinet as president of the Poor See also:

Law Board, and continued to hold that See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office until See also:

March 1871, when he succeeded Mr See also:

Childers as first See also:

lord of the See also:

ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty. In 1874 he was elected lord See also:

RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university of See also:

Aberdeen. Being sent to See also:

Cairo in 1876 as delegate for the British holders of See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian bonds, in See also:

order to arrange for the See also:

CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of the See also:

DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, he succeeded in effecting an agreement with the See also:

KHEDIVE

Khedive. In 1878 his views upon the See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county See also:

FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise question pre-vented him from voting uniformly with his party, and he in-formed his constituents in the city that he would not stand again at the forthcoming general election. In 188o he was elected for See also:

Ripon, and continued to represent that See also:

CONSTITUENCY (from " constituent," that which forms a necessary part of a thing; Lat. constituere, to create)

constituency until the general election of 1885, when he was returned for the Eastern See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

Division of See also:

EDINBURGH

Edinburgh. Being opposed to the See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the franchise, he was unable to join Mr Gladstone's See also:

government in 188o; declining the See also:

POST

post of See also:

VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of See also:

India, he accepted that of See also:

SPECIAL

special See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to the See also:

PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte, and was successful in settling the Montenegrin and See also:

Greek frontier questions in 188o and 1881. He was made an ecclesiastical See also:

COMMISSIONER

commissioner in 1882, and when See also:

Sir Henry See also:

Brand was raised to the See also:

peerage in 1884, the speakership of the See also:

House of See also:

COMMONS

Commons was offered to him, but declined.

During the See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of 188o–1885 he frequently found himself unable to concur with his party, especially as regards the extension of the franchise and questions of See also:

FOREIGN

foreign policy; and when Mr Gladstone adopted the policy of See also:

Home See also:

RULE

Rule for See also:

Ireland, Mr Goschen followed Lord Hartington (after-wards See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

Devonshire) and became one of the most active of the Liberal Unionists. His vigorous and eloquent opposition to Mr Gladstone's Home Rule See also:

BILL

Bill of 1886 brought him into greater public prominence than ever, but he failed to retain his seat for Edinburgh at the election in See also:

JULY

July of that year. On the resignation of Lord See also:

Randolph See also:

Churchill in December 1886, Mr Goschen, though a Liberal Unionist, accepted Lord See also:

Salisbury's invitation to join his See also:

MINISTRY

ministry, and became chancellor of the See also:

EXCHEQUER

exchequer. Being defeated at See also:

Liverpool, 26th of January 1887, by seven votes, he was elected for St George's, See also:

Hanover Square, on the 9th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February. His chancellorship of the exchequer during the ministry of 1886 to 1892 was rendered memorable by his successful conversion of the See also:

NATIONAL

National Debt in 1888 (see NATIONAL DEBT). With that See also:

FINANCIAL

financial operation, under which the new 2i% See also:

CONSOLS

Consols became known as " Goschens," his name will See also:

long be connected. Aberdeen University again conferred upon him the See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the lord rectorship in 1888, and he received a similar honour from the University of Edinburgh in 189o. In the Unionist opposition of 1893 to 1895 Mr Goschen again took a vigorous See also:

PART

part, his speeches both in and out of the House of Commons being remarkable for their eloquence and debating See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power. From 1895 to 1900 Mr Goschen was first lord of the admiralty, and in that office he earned the highest reputation for his businesslike grasp of detail and his statesmanlike outlook on the See also:

NAVAL

naval policy of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country. He retired in 1900, and was raised to the peerage by the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Viscount Goschen of See also:

HAWKHURST

Hawkhurst, See also:

Kent. Though retired from active politics he continued to take a See also:

GREAT

great interest in public affairs; and when Mr Chamber-lain started his See also:

TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff reform See also:

MOVEMENT

movement in 1903, Lord Goschen was one of the weightiest champions of See also:

FREE

free trade on the Unionist See also:

side. He died on the 7th of February 1907, being succeeded in the title by his son George Joachim (b.

1866), who was Conservative M.P. for See also:

East Grinstead from 1895 to 1900, and married a daughter of the 1st See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

Cranbrook. In educational subjects Goschen had always taken the greatest interest, his best known, but by no means his only, contribution to popular culture being his participation in the University Extension Movement; and his first efforts in parliament were devoted to advocating the abolition of religious tests and the See also:

ADMISSION

admission of Dissenters to the See also:

UNIVERSITIES

universities. His published See also:

WORKS

works indicate how ably he combined the See also:

wise study of See also:

ECONOMICS

economics with a See also:

PRACTICAL

practical See also:

INSTINCT

instinct for business-like progress, without neglecting the more ideal aspects of human See also:

LIFE

life. In addition to his well-known See also:

WORK

work on The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges, he published several financial and See also:

POLITICAL

political See also:

PAMPHLETS

pamphlets and addresses on educational and social subjects, among them being that on Cultivation of the See also:

IMAGINATION

Imagination, Liverpool, 1877, and that on Intellectual Interest, Aberdeen, 1888. He also wrote The Life and Times of Georg Joachim Goschen, publisher and printer of See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig (1903). (H. CH.) GOS-See also:

HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

HAWK, i.e. See also:

goose-hawk, the Astur palumbarius of ornithologists, and the largest of the See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-winged See also:

HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks used in See also:

FALCONRY (Fr. fauconnerie, from Late Lat. falco, falcon)

falconry. Its See also:

ENGLISH

English name, however, has possibly been transferred to this See also:

SPECIES

species from one of the long-winged hawks or true falcons, since there is no tradition of the gos-hawk, now so called, having ever been used in See also:

EUROPE

Europe to take geese or other large and powerful birds. The genus Astur may be readily distinguished from Falco by the smooth edges of its See also:

BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak, its short wings (not reaching beyond about the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the tail), and its long legs and toes—though these last are stout and comparatively shorter than in the See also:

SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow-hawks (Accipiter). In plumage the gos-hawk has a general resemblance to the peregrine See also:

falcon, and it undergoes a corresponding See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change as it advances from youth to maturity—the See also:

young being longitudinally streaked beneath, while the adults are transversely barred. The irides, however, are always yellow, or in old birds See also:

orange, while those of the falcons are dark See also:

brown. The sexes differ greatly in See also:

SIZE

size.

There can be little doubt that the gos-hawk, nowadays very rare in See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, was once See also:

COMMON

common in England, and even towards the end of the 18th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

Thornton obtained a nestling in See also:

Scotland, while Irish gos-hawks were of old highly celebrated. Being strictly a woodland-See also:

BIRD

bird, its disappearance may be safely connected with the disappearance of the See also:

ancient forests in Great Britain, though its destructiveness to poultry and pigeons has doubtless contributed to its See also:

PRESENT

present scarcity. In many parts of the See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of Europe it still abounds. It ranges eastward to See also:

CHINA

China and is much valued in India. In See also:

North See also:

AMERICA

America it is represented by a very nearly allied species, A. atricapillus, chiefly distinguished by the closer barring of the See also:

BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast. Three or four examples corresponding with this See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form have been obtained in Britain. A See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good many other species of Astur (some of them passing into Accipiter) are found in various parts of the See also:

WORLD

world, but the only one that need here be mentioned is the A. novae-hollandiae of See also:

AUSTRALIA

Australia, which is remarkable for its dimorphism—one form possessing the normal dark-coloured plumage of the genus and the other being perfectly See also:

white, with See also:

CRIMSON

crimson irides. Some writers hold these two forms to be distinct species and See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the dark-coloured one A. cinereus or A. raii. (A.

End of Article: GOSCHEN, GEORGE JOACHIM GOSCHEN

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