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See also:CHURCHILL, See also:CHARLES (1731-1764) , See also:English poet and satirist, was See also:born in See also:Vine See also:Street, See also:Westminster, in See also:February 1731. His See also:father, See also:rector of Rainham, See also:Essex, held the curacy and lectureship of St See also:John's, Westminster, from 1733, and the son was educated at Westminster school, where he became a See also:good classical See also:scholar, and formed a See also:close and lasting intimacy with See also:Robert See also:Lloyd. Churchill was entered at Trinity See also:College, See also:Cambridge, in 1749, but never resided. He had been refused at See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, ostensibly on the unlikely ground of lack of classical knowledge, but more probably because of a hasty See also:marriage which he had contracted within the rules of the See also:Fleet in his eighteenth See also:year. He and his wife lived in his father's See also:house, and Churchill was afterwards sent to the See also:north of See also:England to prepare for See also:holy orders. He became See also:curate of See also:South Cadbury, See also:Somersetshire, and, on receiving See also:priest's orders (1756), began to See also:act as his father's curate at Rainham. Two years later the See also:elder Churchill died, and the son was elected to succeed him in his curacy and lectureship. His emoluments amounted to less than £loo a year, and he increased his income by teaching in a girls' school. He fulfilled his various duties with decorum for a while, but his marriage proved unfortunate, and he spent much of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in dissipation in the society of Robert Lloyd. He was separated from his wife in 1761, and would have been imprisoned for See also:debt but for the timely help of Lloyd's father, who had been an See also:- USHER (O. Fr. ussier, uissier, mod. huissier, from Lat. ostiarius, a door-keeper, ostium, doorway, entrance, os, mouth)
- USHER (or USSHER), JAMES (1581-1656)
usher and was now a See also:master of Westminster school.
Churchill had already done some See also:work for the booksellers, and his friend Lloyd had had some success with a didactic poem, " The Actor." His intimate knowledge of the See also:theatre was now turned to See also:account in the Rosciad, which appeared in See also:March 1761. This reckless and amusing See also:satire described with the most disconcerting accuracy the faults of the various actors and actresses on the See also:London See also:stage. Its immediate popularity was no doubt largely due to its See also:personal See also:character, but its real vigour and raciness make it See also:worth See also:reading even now when the See also:objects of Churchill's wit are many of them forgotten. The first impressicn was published anonymously, and in the See also:Critical See also:Review, conducted by Tobias See also:Smollett, it was confidently asserted that the poem was the See also:joint See also:production of See also:George See also:Colman, Bonnell See also:Thornton and Robert Lloyd. Churchill owned the authorship and immediately published an See also:Apology addressed to the Critical Reviewers, which, after developing the subject that it is only the See also:caste ofauthors that See also:prey on their own See also:kind, repeats the fierce attack on the stage. Incidentally it contains an enthusiastic See also:tribute to See also:Dryden, of whom Churchill was a not unworthy scholar. In the Rosciad he had given warm praise to Mrs See also:Pritchard, Mrs See also:Cibber and Mrs See also:Clive, but no leading London actor, with the exception of See also:David See also:Garrick, had escaped censure, and in the Apology Garrick was clearly threatened. He deprecated See also:criticism by showing every possible civility to Churchill, who became a terror to the actors. See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Davies wrote to Garrick attributing his blundering in the See also:part of Cymbeline " to my accidentally seeing Mr Churchill in the See also:- PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)
pit, it rendering me confused and unmindful of my business." Churchill's satire made him many enemies, and inquiries into his way of See also:life provided abundant See also:matter for See also:retort. In See also:Night, an See also:Epistle to Robert Lloyd (1761), he answered the attacks made on him, offering by way of See also:defence the See also:argument that any faults were better than See also:hypocrisy. His scandalous conduct brought down the censure of the See also:dean of Westminster, and in 1763 the protests of his parishioners led him to resign his offices, and he was See also:free to See also:wear his " See also:blue coat with See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal buttons " and much See also:gold See also:lace without remonstrance from the dean. The Rosciad had been refused by several publishers, and was finally published at Churchill's own expense. He received a considerable sum from the See also:sale, and paid his old creditors in full, besides making an See also:allowance to his wife.
He now became a close ally of John Wilkes, whom he regularly assisted with the North Briton. The Prophecy of See also:Famine: A Scots See also:Pastoral (1763), his next poem, was founded on a See also:paper written originally for that See also:journal. This violent satire on Scottish See also:influence See also:fell in with the current hatred of See also:Lord See also:Bute, and the Scottish See also:place-hunters were as much alarmed as the actors had been. When Wilkes was arrested he gave Churchill a timely hint to retire to the See also:country for a time, the publisher, Kearsley, having stated that he received part of the profits from the paper. His Epistle to See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Hogarth (1763) was in See also:answer to the See also:caricature of Wilkes made during the trial. In it Hogarth's vanity and envy were attacked in an invective which Garrick quoted as " shocking and barbarous." Hogarth retaliated by a caricature of Churchill as a See also:bear in torn clerical bands hugging a pot of See also:porter and a See also:club made of lies and North Britons. The Duellist (1763) is a virulent satire on the most active opponents of Wilkes in the House of Lords, especially on See also:Bishop See also:Warburton. He attacked Dr See also:- JOHNSON, ANDREW
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
- JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
- JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
- JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
- JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
- JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
- JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
- JOHNSON, THOMAS
Johnson among others in The See also:Ghost as " Pomposo,
insolent and loud, Vain idol of a scribbling See also:crowd." Other
poems are " The See also:Conference " (1763); " The Author " (1763),
highly praised by Churchill's contemporaries; " See also:Gotham (1764), a poem on the duties of a See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, didactic rather than satiric in See also:tone; " The See also:Candidate " (1764), a satire on John See also:Montagu, See also:fourth See also:earl of See also:Sandwich, one of Wilkes's bitterest enemies, whom he had already denounced for his treachery in the Duellist (Bk. iii.) as " too infamous to have a friend "; " The Farewell " (1764); " The Times " (1764); " See also:Independence," and an unfinished " See also:Journey."
In See also:October 1764 he went to See also:Boulogne to join Wilkes. There he was attacked by a See also:fever of which he died on the 4th of See also:November. He See also:left his See also:property to his two sons, and made Wilkes his See also:literary executor with full See also:powers. Wilkes did little. He wrote an See also:epitaph for his friend and about See also:half a dozen notes on his poems, and See also:Andrew See also:Kippis acknowledges some slight assistance from him in preparing his life of Churchill for the Biographia Britannica (178o). There is more than one instance of Churchill's generosity to his See also:friends. In 1763 he found his friend Robert Lloyd in See also:prison for debt. He paid a See also:guinea a See also:week for his better See also:maintenance in the Fleet, and raised a subscription to set him free. Lloyd fell See also:ill on See also:receipt of the See also:news of Churchill's See also:death, and died shortly afterwards. Churchill's See also:sister Patty, who was engaged to Lloyd, did not See also:long survive them. William See also:Cowper was his schoolfellow, and left many kindly references to him.
A partial collection of Churchill's poems appeared in 1763. They are included in See also:Chalmers's edition of the English poets, and were edited (1804) by W. See also:Tooke. This was reprinted in the Aldine edition (1844). There is a revised edition (1892) in the same See also:series, The Poetical See also:Works of Charles Churchill, with a Memoir by J. L. See also:Hannay and copious notes by W. Tooke. For Churchill's See also:biography,
see Genuine See also:Memoirs of Charles Churchill, with an account of and observations on his writings; together witk some See also:Original letters .. . between him and the author (1765) ; A. Kippis, in Biographia Britannica (1780) ; also John See also:Forster in the See also:Edinburgh Review (See also:January 1845).
End of Article: CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
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