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See also:KLAPROTH, See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
MARTIN HEINRICH (1743-1817) , See also:German chemist, was See also:born at See also:Wernigerode on the 1st of See also:December 1743• During a large portion of his See also:life he followed the profession of an See also:apothecary. After acting as assistant in pharmacies at Quedlinburg, See also:Hanover, •See also:Berlin and See also:Danzig successively he came to Berlin on the See also:death of Valentin See also:Rose the See also:elder in 1771 as manager of his business, and in 178o he started an See also:establishment on his own See also:account in the same See also:city, where from 1782 he was pharmaceutical See also:assessor of the Ober-Collegium Medicum. In 1787 he was appointed lecturer in See also:chemistry to the Royal See also:Artillery, and when the university was founded in 1810 he was selected to be the See also:professor of chemistry. He died in Berlin on the 1st of See also:January
1817. Klaproth was the leading chemist of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in See also:Germany. 15
An exact and conscientious worker, he did much to improve and systematize the processes of See also:analytical chemistry and See also:mineralogy, and his appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside See also:France. He was the first to discover See also:uranium, See also:zirconium and See also:titanium, and to characterize them as distinct elements, though he did not obtain any of them in the pure metallic See also:state; and he elucidated the See also:composition .of numerous substances till then imperfectly known, including compounds of the then newly recognized elements: See also:tellurium, See also:strontium, See also:cerium and See also:chromium.
His papers, over 200 in number, were collected by himself in Beitrage zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkorper (5 vols., 1795—1810) and Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts (1815). He also published a Chemisches Worterbuch (1807—1810), and edited a revised edition of F. A. C. Gren's Handbuch der Chemie (1806).
KL$BER, See also:JEAN See also:BAPTISTE (1753–1800), See also:French See also:general, was born on the 9th of See also:March 1753, at See also:Strassburg, where his See also:father was a builder. He was trained, partly at See also:Paris, for the profession of architect, but his opportune assistance to two German nobles in a See also:tavern brawl obtained for him a nomination to the military school of See also:Munich. Thence he obtained a See also:commission in the See also:Austrian See also:army, but resigned it in 1783 on finding his humble See also:birth in the way of his promotion. On returning to France he was appointed inspector of public buildings at See also:Belfort, where he studied fortification and military See also:science. In 1792 he enlisted in the Haut-Rhin See also:volunteers, and was from his military knowledge at once elected See also:adjutant and soon afterwards See also:lieutenant-See also:colonel. At the See also:defence of See also:Mainz he so distinguished himself that though disgraced along with the See also:rest of the See also:garrison and imprisoned, he was promptly reinstated, and in See also:August 1793 promoted general of See also:brigade. He won considerable distinction in the Vendean See also:war, and two months later was made a general of See also:division. In these operations began his intimacy with Marceau, with whom he defeated the Royalists at Le Mans and Savenay. For openly expressing his See also:opinion that lenient See also:measures ought to be pursued towards the Vendeans he was recalled; but in See also:April 1794 he was once more reinstated and sent to the Army of the Sambreand-See also:Meuse. He displayed his skill and bravery in the numerous actions around See also:Charleroi, and especially in the crowning victory of See also:Fleurus, after which in the See also:winter of 1794–95 he besieged Mainz. In 1795 and again in 1796 he held the See also:chief command of an army temporarily, but declined a permanent See also:appointment as See also:commander-in-chief. On the 13th of See also:October 1795 he fought a brilliant rearguard See also:action at the See also:bridge of Neuwied, and in the offensive See also:campaign of 1796 he was See also:Jourdan's most active and successful lieutenant. Having, after the See also:retreat to the See also:Rhine (see FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY See also:WARS), declined the chief command, he withdrew into private life See also:early in 1798. He accepted a division in the expedition to See also:Egypt under See also:Bonaparte, but was wounded in the See also:head at See also:Alexandria in the first engagement, which prevented his taking any further See also:part in the campaign of the Pyramids, and caused him to be appointed See also:governor of Alexandria. In the Syrian campaign of 1799, however, he commanded the vanguard, took El-Arish, See also:Gaza and Jaffa, and won the See also:great victory of See also:Mount See also:Tabor on the 15th of April 1799. When See also:Napoleon returned to France towards the end of 1799 he See also:left Kleber in command of the French forces. In this capacity, seeing no See also:hope of bringing his army back to France or of consolidating his conquests, he made the See also:convention of El-Arish. But when See also:Lord See also:Keith, the See also:British See also:admiral, refused to ratify the terms, he attacked the See also:Turks at See also:Heliopolis, though with but 10,000 men against 60,000, and utterly defeated them on the loth of March 1800. He then retook See also:Cairo, which had revolted from the French. Shortly after these victories he was assassinated at Cairo by a fanatic On the 14th of See also:June 1800, the same See also:day on which his friend and comrade Desaix See also:fell at See also:Marengo. Kleber was undoubtedly one of the greatest generals of the French revolutionary See also:epoch. Though he distrusted his See also:powers and declined the responsibility of supreme command, there is nothing in his career to show that he would have been unequal to it. As a second incommand he was not excelled by any general of his time. His conduct of affairs in Egypt at a time when the See also:treasury was empty and the troops were discontented for want of pay, shows that his powers as an See also:administrator were little—if at all—inferior to those he possessed as a general.
Ernouf, the See also:grandson of Jourdan's chief of See also:staff, published in 1867 a valuable See also:biography of K16ber. See also Reynaud, Life of See also:Merlin de Thionville; See also:Ney, See also:Memoirs; See also:Dumas, Souvenirs; See also:Las Casas, Memorial de Ste Helbne; J. Charavaray, See also:Les Generaux marts pour la patrie; General See also:Pajol, Kleber; lives of Marceau and Desaix; M. F. See also:Rousseau, Kleber et Menou en Egypte (Paris, 1900).
End of Article: KLAPROTH, MARTIN HEINRICH (1743-1817)
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