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KHOKAND

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 779 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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KHOKAND , or KoKAN, a See also:

town of See also:Asiatic See also:Russia, in the See also:province of See also:Ferghana, on the railway from See also:Samarkand to See also:Andijan, 85 m. by See also:rail S.W. of the latter, and 20 M. S. of the Syr-darya. Pop. (1900), 86,704. Situated at an See also:altitude of 1375 ft., it has a severe See also:climate, the See also:average temperatures being—See also:year, 56°; See also:January, 220; See also:July, 65°. Yearly rainfall, 3.6 in. It is the centre of a fertile irrigated See also:oasis, and consists of a citadel, enclosed by a See also:wall nearly 12 M. in See also:circuit, and of suburbs containing luxuriant gardens. The town is modernized, has broad streets and large squares, and a particularly handsome See also:bazaar. The former See also:palace of the khans, which recalls by its See also:architecture the mosques of Samarkand, is the best See also:building in the town. Kho ' kand is one of the most important centres of See also:trade in See also:Turkestan. Raw See also:cotton and See also:silk are the See also:principal exports, while manufactured goods are imported from Russia. Coins bearing the inscription " Khokand the Charming," and known as khokands, have or had a wide currency.

The khanate of Khokand was a powerful See also:

state which See also:grew up in the 18th See also:century. Its See also:early See also:history is not well known, but the town was founded in 1732 by Abd-ur-Rahim under the name of Iski-See also:kurgan, or See also:Kali-i-Rahimbai. This must relate, however, to the fort only, because Arab travellers of the loth century mention Hovakend or Hokand, the position of which has been identified with that of Khokand. Many other populous and wealthy towns existed in this region at the See also:time of the Arab See also:con-quest of Ferghana. In 1758–1759 the See also:Chinese conquered See also:Dzungaria and See also:East Turkestan, and the begs or rulers of Ferghana recognized Chinese See also:suzerainty. In 1807 or 1808 Alim, son of Narbuta, brought all the begs of Ferghana under his authority, and conquered See also:Tashkent and See also:Chimkent. His attacks on the Bokharan fortress of Ura-tyube were however unsuccessful, and the See also:country See also:rose against him. He was killed in 1817 by the adherents of his See also:brother See also:Omar. Omar was a poet and See also:patron of learning, but continued to enlarge his See also:kingdom, taking the sacred town of Azret (Turkestan), and to protect Ferghana from the raids of the See also:nomad See also:Kirghiz built fortresses on the Syr-darya, which became a basis for raids of the Khokand See also:people into Kirghiz See also:land. This was the origin of a conflict with Russia. Several See also:petty See also:wars were undertaken by the Russians after 1847to destroy the Khokand forts, and to secure See also:possession, first, of the See also:Ili (and so of Dzungaria), and next of the Syr-darya region, the result being that in 1866, after the occupation of Ura-tyube and See also:Jizakh, the khanate of Khokand was separated from See also:Bokhara. During the See also:forty-five years after the See also:death of Omar (he died in 1822) the khanate of Khokand was the seat of continuous wars between the settled Sarts and the nomad Kipchaks, the two parties securing the upper See also:hand in turns, Khokand falling under the dominion or the suzerainty of Bokhara, which supported Khudayar-See also:khan, the representative of the Kipchak party, in 1858–1866; while Alim-kul, the representative of the Sarts, put himself at the See also:head of the gazawat (See also:Holy See also:War) proclaimed in 1860, and fought bravely against the Russians until killed at Tashkent in 1865.

In 1868 Khudayar-khan, having secured See also:

independence from Bokhara, concluded a commercial treaty with the Russians, but was compelled to flee in 1875, when a new Holy War against Russia was proclaimed. It ended in the See also:capture of the strong fort of Makhram, the occupation of Khokand and See also:Marghelan (1875), and the recognition of See also:Russian superiority by the See also:amir of Bokhara, who conceded to Russia all the territory See also:north of the Naryn See also:river. War, however, was renewed in the following year. It ended, in See also:February 1876, by the capture of Andijan and Khokand and the See also:annexation of the Khokand khanate to Russia. Out of it was made the Russian province of Ferghana.

End of Article: KHOKAND

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