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See also:THORN (See also:Polish Torun) , a fortress See also:town of See also:Germany, in the Prussian See also:province of See also:West See also:Prussia, situated on the right See also:bank of the See also:Vistula, near the point where the See also:river enters Prussian territory, 85 m. by See also:rail N.E. of See also:Posen, 92 M. S. of See also:Danzig and 12 M. from the See also:Russian frontier at Alexandrovo. Pop. (1895), 30,314; (1906), 43,435• Its position as a See also:bridge See also:head commanding the passage of the Vistula makes it a point of strategic importance; it was strongly fortified in 1818, and in 1878 was converted into a fortress of the first class. The defensive See also:works consist of a circle of outlying forts, about 21 M. from the centre of the town—eight on the right and five on the See also:left bank of the river. The " old town," founded. in 1231, and the " new town," founded See also:thirty-three years later, were See also:united in 1454, and both retain a number of See also:quaint buildings dating from the 15th and 16th centuries, when Thorn was a flourishing member of the Hanseatic See also:League. The town-See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall of the 14th and 16th centuries, the churches of St See also:John of the Virgin, and of St See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James (all of the13th-14th centuries), the ruined See also:castle of the See also:Teutonic See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order (a See also:tower, the so-called " Dansker "), and a leaning tower, the See also:sole remnant of the old environing walls, are among the most interesting of the See also:ancient edifices. Among See also:modern buildings may be mentioned the Artushof, containing See also:concert and See also:assembly halls, the new See also:garrison See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church (1897), and the See also:monument erected in 1853 to See also:Copernicus, who was a native of Thorn. The ancient wooden bridge, now burned down, at one See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the only permanent bridge across the See also:lower Vistula, has been succeeded by a massive See also:iron railway viaduct, 3300 ft. See also:long. Thorn carries on an active See also:trade in See also:grain, See also:timber,, See also:wine, groceries and minerals, and has ironworks, saw-See also:mills, and various other manufactures. It is famous for its Pfefferkuchen, a See also:kind of gingerbread. See also:Part of the trade is carried on by passenger and See also:cargo vessels on the Vistula, which ply as far as See also:Warsaw.
Thorn, founded in 1231 by the Teutonic order a.s an outpost against the Poles, was colonized mainly from See also:Westphalia. The first See also:peace of Thorn, between the order and the Poles, was concluded in 1411. In 1.454 the townspeople revolted from the knights of the order; destroyed their castle, and attached them-selves to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Poland. This resulted in a See also:war, which was terminated in 1466 by the second peace of Thorn. In the 15th and 16th centuries Thorn was a Hanse town of importance, and received the titles of " See also:Queen of the Vistula " and " the beautiful." It embraced the See also:Reformation in 1557, and in 1645 it was the See also:scene of a colloquium' charitativum, or discussion betwixt the doctors of the See also:rival See also:creeds, which, however, resulted in no agreement. In 1724 a See also:riot between the See also:Protestant and See also:Roman See also:Catholic inhabitants was seized upon by the Polish king as a pretext for See also:beheading the burgomaster and nine other leading Protestant citizens, an See also:act of oppression which is known as the " See also:blood-See also:bath of Thorn." The second See also:partition of Poland (1793) conferred Thorn upon Prussia; by the treaty of See also:Tilsit it was assigned to the duchy of Warsaw; but since the See also:congress of See also:Vienna (1815) it has again been Prussian.
See Wernicke, Geschichte Thorns (Thorn, 1839-1842) ; Hoburg, See also:Die Belagerungen der Stadt and Festung Thorn (Thorn, 185o); and Steinbrecht, Die Baukunst See also:des deutschen Ritterordens in Preussen (1st part, See also:Berlin, 1884); Uebrick, Thorn (Danzig, 1903).
End of Article: THORN (Polish Torun)
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