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scent are remarkably acute. They feed on herbage, shrubs and leaves of trees, and, like so many other large animals which inhabit hot countries, See also:

SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep the greater See also:

PART

part of the See also:

day, and are most active in the cool of the evening or even during the See also:

NIGHT

night. Some are found in more or less open plains, while others inhabit swampy districts. Members of the See also:

GROUP

group have existed in both See also:

east and See also:

west hemispheres since the beginning of the See also:

MIOCENE

Miocene See also:

period; but in See also:

AMERICA

America they all became extinct before the end of the See also:

PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene period, and in the Old See also:

WORLD

World their See also:

DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution has become greatly restricted. They are, for instance, no longer found in See also:

EUROPE

Europe and See also:

North See also:

ASIA

Asia, but only in See also:

Africa and in portions of the See also:

INDIAN

Indian and Indo-Malayan regions. Living rhinoceroses may be arranged in three See also:

groups: (1) With a single nasal See also:

horn, and very thick skin, which is raised into strong, definitely arranged ridges or folds. In this group there are two well-marked species. The Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), the largest of the Asiatic forms, is the most°widely known, from its being exhibited in zoological gardens. A famous rhinoceros presented to the Zoological Society of See also:

LONDON

London in See also:

JULY

July 1864 lived till See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1004.

This species stands from 5 ft. to 5 ft. 9 in. at the See also:

SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder and is blackish See also:

grey in See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour; the horn rarely exceeds a See also:

FOOT

foot in length, but one in the See also:

BRITISH

British Museum See also:

MEASURES

measures 19 in. This species is now only met with in a See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild stood 5 ft. 6 in. high. This species is more an inhabitant of See also:

tree-See also:

FOREST

forest than of grass See also:

JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle, and its usual See also:

HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat appears to be in hilly, countries. In the second See also:

section there is a well-See also:

DEVELOPED

developed nasal, and a small frontal horn separated by an See also:

INTERVAL

interval. The skin is thrown into folds, but these are not strongly marked, and lower tusks are See also:

PRESENT

present. This group or genus is represented at the present day only by the Sumatran rhinoceros, Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus) sumatrensis, with its sub-species. It is the smallest of all the species, and its See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical range is nearly the same as that of the Javan species, though not extending into See also:

JAVA

Java; it has been found in See also:

ASSAM

Assam, See also:

CHITTAGONG

Chittagong, See also:

BURMA

Burma, the See also:

MALAY

Malay See also:

Peninsula, See also:

SUMATRA

Sumatra and See also:

BORNEO

Borneo. The colour varies from earthy See also:

brown to blackish, and the greater part of the See also:

BODY

body is thinly covered with See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, and the ears and tail are fringed. The See also:

AVERAGE

average height of adults is from 4 ft. to 4 ft. 6 in.

This species inhabits forests, and ascends hills to considerable elevations; it is shy and timid, but easily tamed even when adult. A specimen from Chittagong acquired in 1872 by the Zoological Society of London was named R. lasiotis, as it differed from the typical See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form by, its larger size, paler and browner colour, smoother skin, longer, finer and redder hair, and the See also:

long fringe of hair on the ears. It is now recognized as a See also:

LOCAL

local See also:

RACE

race. 244 See also:

state in the Assam See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, though it formerly had a wider range. The first rhinoceros seen alive in Europe since the See also:

time when these animals, in See also:

COMMON

common with nearly all the large remarkable beasts of both Africa and Asia, were exhibited in the See also:

ROMAN

Roman shows, was of this species. It was sent from See also:

India to See also:

EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel, See also:

king of See also:

PORTUGAL

Portugal, in 1513; and from a See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch taken in See also:

LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon, See also:

Albert See also:

DURER, ALBRECHT (1471-1528)

Durer composed his celebrated but fanciful See also:

ENGRAVING

engraving, which was reproduced in so many old books on natural See also:

HISTORY

history. This species chiefly frequents swampy grass jungle and is fond of a mud-See also:

bath. According to See also:

General A. H. Kinloch, it is hunted by " tracking the See also:

animal on a single See also:

ELEPHANT

elephant until he is at last found in his lair, or perhaps See also:

STANDING

standing quite unconscious of danger; or by beating him out of the jungle with a See also:

LINE

line of elephants, the guns being stationed at the points where he is most likely to break See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover. In the latter See also:

case it is necessary to have reliable men with the beaters, who can exercise authority and keep them in See also:

order, for both mahouts and elephants have the greatest dread of the huge See also:

BRUTE, SIMON WILLIAM GABRIEL (1779–1839)

brute, who appears to be much more formidable than he really is." The Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is distinguished by its smaller size, and a different arrangement of the skin-folds (as may be seen by comparing See also:

FIGS

figs. i and 2). The horn in the See also:

FEMALE

female is little developed, if not altogether absent.

This species has a more extensive geographical range than the last, being found in the See also:

Bengal See also:

SUNDARBANS, or SUNDEBBUNDS

Sundarbans near See also:

CALCUTTA

Calcutta, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and Borneo. The colour is See also:

UNIFORM

uniform dusky grey. A female obtained in the Sundarbans To the third group or genus (Diceros) belong the two African rhinoceroses, which have two horns, the skin without definite folds, and no lower tusks. The See also:

black rhinoceros (Rhinoceros (Diceros) bicornis) is the smaller of the two, and has a pointed prehensile upper See also:

LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip. It ranges through the wooded and watered districts of Africa, from See also:

ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia in the north to the Cape See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony, but its See also:

numbers are yearly diminishing, owing to the opening up of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country. It feeds exclusively on leaves and branches of bushes and small trees, and chiefly frequents the sides of See also:

wood-clad rugged hills. Specimens in which the posterior horn has attained a length as See also:

GREAT

great as or greater than the anterior have been separated under the name of R. keitloa, but the characters of these appendages are too variable for specific distinctions. The black rhinoceros is more rarely seen in menageries in Europe than either of the Asiatic species, but one lived in the gardens of the London Zoological Society from 1868-1891. Lastly we have the See also:

white—Burchell's, or square-mouthedrhinoceros (Rhinoceros (Diceros) simus), the largest of the five, and differing from the other species in having a square truncated upper lip. In conformity with the structure of the mouth, this species lives entirely by browsing on grass, and is therefore more partial to open countries or districts where there are broad grassy valleys between the tracts of See also:

BUSH

bush. In its old haunts in the See also:

south it is practically extinct; ,but ten were reported from a reserve in See also:

ZULULAND

Zululand in 1902. A detached colony exists, however, near Lado, on the Upper See also:

Nile.

No specimen of this species has ever been brought alive to Europe. Mr F. C. See also:

SELOUS, FREDERICK COURTNEY (1851- )

Selous gives the following description of its habits: "The square-mouthed rhinoceros is a huge, ungainly looking beast, with a disproportionately large head, a large male standing 6 ft. 6 in. at the shoulder. Like elephants and buffaloes they See also:

lie asleep during the See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the day, and feed during the night and in the cool See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of See also:

early See also:

MORNING

morning and evening. Their sight is very See also:

BAD, BCD

bad; but they are See also:

QUICK

quick of hearing, and their scent is very keen ; they are, too, often accompanied by rhinoceros birds, which, by See also:

RUNNING

running about their heads, flapping their wings, and screeching at the same time, frequently give them See also:

NOTICE

notice of the approach of danger. When disturbed they go off at a See also:

swift trot, which soon leaves all pursuit from a See also:

man on foot far behind; but if chased by a horseman they break into a gallop, which they can keep up for some distance. However, although they run very swiftly, when their size and heavy build is considered, they are no match for an average See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse. They are, as a See also:

RULE

rule, very easy to shoot on horseback, as, if one gallops a little in front of and on one See also:

side of them, : they will hold their course, and come sailing past, offering a magnificent See also:

BROADSIDE

broadside shot, while under similar circumstances a prehensile-lipped rhinoceros will usually swerve away in such a manner as only to present his See also:

HIND

hind-quarters for a shot. When either walking or running, the square-mouthed rhinoceros holds its head very See also:

low, its See also:

NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose nearly touching the ground. When a small See also:

calf accompanies its See also:

MOTHER

mother, it always runs in front and she appears to See also:

GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide it by holding the point of her horn upon the little animal's rump; and it is perfectly wonderful to See also:

note how in all sudden changes of See also:

pace, from a trot to a gallop, or See also:

VICE

vice versa, the same position is always exactly maintained.

During the autumn and See also:

winter months (i.e. from See also:

March to See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August) the square-mouthed rhinoceros is usually very See also:

FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat; and its See also:

MEAT

meat is then most excellent, being something like See also:

BEEF (through O. Fr. boef, mod. boeuf, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. f3oiir, which show the ultimate connexion with the Sanskrit go, gaits, ox, and thus with " cow")

beef, but yet having a See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar flavour of its own. The part in greatest favour among hunters is the hump, which, if cut off whole and roasted just as it is in the skin, in a hole dug in the ground, would, I think, be difficult to match either for juiciness or flavour." (W. H. F.; R.

End of Article: RHINOCEROS

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