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CALAMINE , a See also:mineral See also:species consisting of See also:zinc carbonate, ZnCO3, and forming an important ore of zinc. It is See also:rhombohedral in See also:crystallization and isomorphous with See also:calcite and See also:chalybite. Distinct crystals are somewhat rare; they have the See also:form of the See also:primitive rhombohedron ('=72° 20'), the faces of which are generally curved and rough. Botryoidal and stalactitic masses are more See also:common, or again the mineral may be compact and granular or loose and earthy. As in the other rhombohedral See also:carbonates, the crystals possess perfect cleavages parallel to the faces of the rhombohedron. The hardness is 5; specific gravity, 4.4. The See also:colour of the pure mineral is See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white; more often it is brownish, sometimes See also:green or See also:blue: a See also:bright-yellow variety containing See also:cadmium has been found in See also:Arkansas, and is known locally as " See also:turkey-See also:fat ore." The pure material contains 52% of zinc, but this is often partly replaced isomorphously by small amounts of See also:iron and See also:manganese, traces of See also:calcium and See also:magnesium, and sometimes by See also:copper or cadmium.
Calamine is found in beds and See also:veins in See also:limestone rocks, and is often associated with See also:galena and See also:blende. It is a product of alteration of blende, having been formed from this by the See also:action of carbonated See also:waters; or in many cases the zinc sulphide may have been first oxidized to sulphate, which in See also:solution acted on the surrounding limestone, producing zinc carbonate. The latter mode of origin is suggested by the frequent occurrence of calamine pseudomorphous after calcite, that is, having the form of calcite crystals. Deposits of calamine have been extensively See also:mined in the limestones of the Mendip Hills, in See also:Derbyshire, and at See also:Alston See also:Moor in See also:Cumberland. It also occurs in large amount in the See also:province of See also:Santander in See also:Spain, in See also:Missouri, and at several other places where zinc ores are mined. The best crystals of the mineral were found many years ago at Chessy near See also:Lyons; these are rhombohedra of a See also:fine See also:apple-green colour. A translucent botryoidal calamine banded with blue and green is found at Laurion in See also:Greece, and has sometimes been cut and polished for small ornaments such as brooches.
The name calamine (See also:German, Galmei), from lapis calaminaris, a Latin corruption of cadmia (Kabala), the old name for zinc ores in See also:general (G. See also:Agricola in 1546 derived it from the Latin calamus, a See also:reed), was See also:early used indiscriminately for the carbonate and the hydrous silicate of zinc, and even now both species are included by miners under tie same See also:term. The two minerals often closely resemble each other in See also:appearance, and can usually only be distinguished by chemical See also:analysis; they were first so distinguished by See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Smithson in 1803. F. S. See also:Beudant in 1832 restricted the name calamine to the hydrous silicate and proposed the name " smithsonite " for the carbonate, and these meanings of the terms are now adopted by See also:Dana and many other mineralogists. Unfortunately, however, in See also:England (following See also:Brooke and See also:Miller, 1852) these designations have been reversed, calamine being used for the carbonate and smithsonite for the silicate. This unfortunate confusion is somewhat lessened by the use of the terms zinc-spar and See also:hemimorphite (q.v.) for the carbonate and silicate respectively. (L. J. S.)
966
fine high See also:altar of the 17th See also:century; its lofty See also:tower serves as a landmark for sailors. A gateway flanked by turrets (14th century) is a relic of the H6tel de See also:Guise, built as a gild See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall for the See also:English woolstaplers, and given to the See also:duke of Guise as a See also:reward for the recapture of See also:Calais. The See also:modern See also:town-hall and a See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of the 19th century are the See also:chief buildings of the See also:quarter of St See also:Pierre. Calais has a See also:board of See also:trade-arbitrators, a tribunal and a chamber of See also:commerce, a commercial and See also:industrial school, and a communal See also:college.
The See also:harbour is entered from the roads by way of a channel leading to the See also:outer harbour which communicates with a floating See also:basin 22 acres in extent, on the See also:east, and with the older and less commodious portion of the harbour to the See also:north and See also:west of the old town. The harbour is connected by canals with the See also:river Aa and the navigable waterways of the See also:department.
Calais is the See also:principal See also:port for the See also:continental passenger See also:traffic with England carried on by the See also:South-Eastern & See also:Chatham and the See also:Northern of See also:France See also:railways. The See also:average number of passengers between See also:Dover and Calais for the years 1902–1906 inclusive was 315,012. Trade is chiefly with the See also:United See also:Kingdom. The principal exports are wines, especially See also:champagne, See also:spirits, See also:hay, See also:straw, See also:wool, potatoes, See also:woven goods, See also:fruit, See also:glass-See also:ware, See also:lace and See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal-ware. Imports include See also:cotton and See also:silk goods, See also:coal, iron and See also:steel, See also:petroleum, See also:timber, raw wool, cotton See also:yarn and See also:cork. During the five years 1901–1905 the average See also:annual value of exports was £8,388,000 (£6,363,000 in the years 1896-1900), of imports £4,145,000 (£3,759,000 in 1896–1900). In 1905, exclusive of passenger and See also:mail boats, there entered the port 848 vessels of 312,477 tons and cleared 857 of 305,284 tons, these being engaged in the general carrying trade of the port. The See also:main See also:industry of Calais is the manufacture of See also:tulle and lace, for which it is the chief centre in France. See also:Brewing, saw-milling, See also:boat-See also:building, and the manufacture of biscuits, See also:soap and submarine cables are also carried on. Deep-See also:sea and See also:coast fishing for See also:cod, See also:herring and See also:mackerel employ over r000 of the inhabitants.
Calais was a See also:petty fishing-See also:village, with a natural harbour at the mouth of a stream, till the end of the loth century. It was first improved by See also:Baldwin IV., See also:count of See also:Flanders, in 997, and afterwards, in 1224, was regularly fortified by See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip Hurepel, count of See also:Boulogne. It was besieged in 1346, after the See also:battle of See also:Crecy, by See also:Edward III. and held out resolutely by the bravery of See also:Jean de See also:Vienne, its See also:governor, till after nearly a See also:year's See also:siege See also:famine forced it to surrender. Its inhabitants were saved from See also:massacre by the devotion of Eustache de St Pierre and six of the chief citizens, who were themselves spared at the See also:prayer of See also:Queen Philippa. The See also:city remained in the hands of the English till 1558 , when it was taken by See also:Francis, duke of Guise, at the See also:head of 30,000 men from the See also:ill-provided English See also:garrison, only 800 strong, after a siege of seven days. From this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the Calaisis or territory of Calais was known as the Pays Reconquis. It was held by the Spaniards from 1595 to 1598, but was restored to France by the treaty of Vervins.
End of Article: CALAMINE
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