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See also:GUIBERT, JACQUES See also:ANTOINE HIPPOLYTE, See also:COMTE DE (1743–1790) , See also:French See also:general and military writer, was See also:born at See also:Montauban, and at the See also:age of thirteen accompanied his See also:father, See also:Charles See also:Benoit, comte de Guibert (1715-1786), See also:chief of See also:staff to
See also:Marshal de See also:Broglie, throughout the See also:war in See also:Germany, and won the See also:cross of St See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis and the See also:rank of See also:colonel in the expedition to See also:Corsica (1767). In 1770 he published his Essai general de tactique in See also:London, and this celebrated See also:work appeared in numerous subsequent See also:editions and in See also:English, See also:German and even See also:Persian See also:translations (extracts also in Liskenne and Sauvan, Bibl. historique et militaire, See also:Paris, 1845). Of this work (for a detailed critique of which see Max Jahns, Gesch. d. Kriegswissenschaften, vol. iii. pp. 2058-2070 and references therein) it may be said that it was the best See also:essay on war produced by a soldier during a See also:period in which See also:tactics were discussed even in the See also:salon and military literature was more abundant than at any See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time up to 1871. Apart from technical questions, in which Guibert's enlightened conservatism stands in marked contrast to the doctrinaire progressiveness of Menil See also:Durand, See also:Folard and others, the See also:book is chiefly valued for its broad outlook on the See also:state of See also:Europe, especially of military Europe in the period 1763-1792. One See also:quotation may be given as being a most remarkable prophecy of the impending revolution in the See also:art of war, a revolution which the " advanced " tacticians themselves scarcely foresaw. " The See also:standing armies, while a See also:burden on the See also:people, are inadequate for the achievement of See also:great and decisive results in war, and meanwhile the See also:mass of the people, untrained in arms, de-generates. . . . The See also:hegemony over Europe will fall to that nation which . . . becomes possessed of manly virtues and creates a See also:national See also:army "—a prediction fulfilled almost to the See also:letter within twenty years of Guibert's See also:death. In 1773 he visited Germany and was See also:present at the Prussian regimental drills and army manoeuvres; See also:Frederick the Great, recognizing Guibert's ability, showed great favour to the See also:young colonel and freely discussed military questions with him. Guibert's See also:Journal d'un voyage en Allemagne was published, with a memoir, by Toulongeon (Paris, 1803). His Defense du systeme de guerre moderne, a reply to his many critics (See also:Neuchatel, 1779) is a reasoned and scientific See also:defence of the Prussian method of tactics, which formed the basis of his work when in 1775 he began to co-operate with the See also:count de St Germain in a See also:series of much-needed and successful reforms in the French army. In 1777, however, St Germain See also:fell into disgrace, and his fall involved that of Guibert who was promoted to the rank of marechal de See also:camp and relegated to a provincial staff See also:appointment. In his semi-retirement he vigorously defended his old chief St Germain against his detractors. On the See also:eve of the Revolution he was recalled to the War See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office, but in his turn he became the See also:object of attack and he died, practically of disappointment, on the 6th of May 1790. Other See also:works of Guibert, besides those mentioned, are: Observations sur la constitution politique et militaire See also:des armies de S. M. Prussienne (See also:Amsterdam, 1778), Eloges of Marshal See also:Catinat (1775), of See also:Michel de 1'Hopital (1778), and of Frederick the Great (1787). Guibert was a member of the See also:Academy from 1786, and he also wrote a tragedy, Le Connetable de See also:Bourbon (x775) and a journal of travels in See also:France and Switzer-See also:land.
See Toulongeon, Eloge veridique de Guiberl (Paris, 1790) ; Madame de See also:Stael, See also:doge de Guiberl ; Bardin, See also:Notice historique du general Guibert (Paris, 1836) ; See also:Flavian d'Aldeguier, Discours sur to See also:vie et See also:les ecrits du comte de Guibert (See also:Toulouse, r855); Count Forestie, Biographie du comte de Guibert (Montauban, 1855); Count zur See also:Lippe, " Friedr. der See also:Grosse and Oberst Guibert" (Militdr-Wochenblati, 1873, 9 and to).
End of Article: GUIBERT, JACQUES ANTOINE HIPPOLYTE, COMTE DE (1743–1790)
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