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See also:FOLARD, See also:JEAN See also:CHARLES, See also:CHEVALIER DE (1669—1752) , See also:French soldier and military author, was See also:born at See also:Avignon on the 13th of See also:February 1669. His military ardour was first awakened by See also:reading See also:Caesar's Commentaries, and he ran away from See also:home and joined the See also:army. He soon saw active service, and, See also:young as he was, wrote a See also:manual on See also:partisan warfare, the See also:manuscript of which passed with Folard's other papers to See also:Marshal Belleisle on the author's See also:death. In 1702 he became a See also:captain, and aide-de-See also:camp to the See also:duke of See also:Vendome, then in command of the French forces in See also:Italy. In 1705, while serving under Vendeime's See also:brother, the See also:Grand See also:Prior, Folard won the See also:cross of St See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis for a gallant feat of arms, and in the same See also:year he distinguished himself at the See also:battle of See also:Cassano, where he was severely wounded. It was during his tedious recovery from his wounds that he conceived the See also:tactical theories to the elucidation of which he devoted most of his See also:life. In 1706 he again rendered See also:good service in Italy, and in 1708 distinguished himself greatly in the operations attempted by Vendome and the duke of See also:Burgundy for the See also:relief of See also:Lille, the failure of which was due in See also:part to the disagreement of the French commanders; and it is no small testimony to the ability and tact of Folard that he retained the friendship of both. Folard was wounded at See also:Malplaquet in 1709, and in 1711 his services were rewarded with the governorship of Bourbourg. He saw further active service in 1714 in See also:Malta, under Charles XII. of See also:Sweden in the See also:north, and under the duke of See also:Berwick in the See also:short See also:Spanish See also:War of 1719. Charles XII. he regarded as the first captain of all See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and it was at See also:Stockholm that Folard began to formulate his tactical ideas in a commertary on See also:Polybius. On his way back to See also:France he was shipwrecked and lost all his papers, but he set to See also:work at once to write his essays afresh, and in 1724 appeared his Nouvelles Decouvertes sur la guerre dans une dissertation de Polybe, followed (1727—1730) by Histoire de Polybe traduite See also:par . . . de Thuillier avec un commentaire . . . de M. de Folard, Chevalier de l'Ordre de St Louis. Folard spent the See also:remainder of his life in answering the criticisms provoked by the novelty of his theories. He died friendless and in obscurity at Avignon in 1752.
An See also:analysis of Folard's military writings brings to See also:light not a connected theory of war as a whole, but a See also:great number of See also:independent ideas, sometimes valuable and suggestive, but far more often extravagant. The central point of his See also:tactics was his proposed See also:column formation for See also:infantry. Struck by the apparent weakness of the thin See also:line of battle of the time, and arguing from the Eµ0o'tov or See also:cuneus of See also:ancient warfare, he desired to substitute the See also:shock of a deep See also:mass of troops for former methods of attack, and further considered that in See also:defence a solid column gave an unshakable stability to the line of battle. Controversy at once centred itself upon the column. Whilst some famous commanders, such as Marshal See also:Saxe and Guido Starhemberg, approved it and put it in practice, the See also:weight of military See also:opinion throughout See also:Europe was opposed to it, and eventually See also:history justified this opposition. Amongst the most discriminating of his critics was See also:Frederick the Great, who is said to have invited Folard to See also:Berlin. The Prussian See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king certainly caused a precis to be made by See also:Colonel von Seers, and wrote a See also:preface thereto expressing his views. The work (like others by Frederick) See also:fell into unauthorized hands, and, on its publication (See also:Paris, 176o) under the See also:title Esprit du Chev. Folard, created a great impression. " Thus kept within See also:bounds," said
the See also:prince de Ligne, "Folard was the best author of the time." Frederick himself said tersely that " Folard had buried diamonds in a rubbish-heap." Thus began the controversy between line and column formations, which See also:long continued and influenced the development of tactics up to the most See also:modern times. Folard's See also:principal adherents in the 18th See also:century were Joly de Maizeroy and Menil See also:Durand.
See Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de M. le Chevalier de Folard (Paris and See also:Regensburg, 1753), and for a detailed See also:account of Folard's See also:works and those of his critics and supporters, Max Jahns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften, vol. ii. pp. 1478-1493 (See also:Munich and See also:Leipzig, 189o).
End of Article: FOLARD, JEAN CHARLES, CHEVALIER DE (1669—1752)
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