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Originally appearing in Volume V25, Page 844 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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I14 . See also:

ACTION

Action of the See also:

JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

Jet in De See also:

Laval's See also:

TURBINE (Lat. turbo, a whirlwind, a whirling motion ,or object, a top)

Turbine.—In entering the turbine the jet is inclined at an See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle a to the See also:

PLANE

plane of the See also:

wheel. Calling Its initial velocity V, and the velocity of the buckets u we have, as in fig. 56, Vs for the velocity of the See also:

steam relatively to the wheel on See also:

ADMISSION

admission. A See also:

LINE

line AB, parallel to V2 therefore determines the proper angle of the blade or bucket on the entrance See also:

side if the steam is°to enter without See also:

SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock. As the steam passes through the blade channel the magnitude of this relative velocity does not See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, except that it is a little reduced on See also:

account of See also:

FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction. The action is one of pure impulse; there is no change of pressure during the passage, and consequently no See also:

ACCELERATION (from Lat. accelerare, to hasten, celer, quick)

acceleration of the steam through drop in pressure after once it has See also:

LEFT

left the nozzle. Hence V3, the relative velocity at exit may (neglecting friction) be taken as equal to V2. The direction of V3 or BC is tangent to the exit side of the bucket. The jet impinges at one side the other after having had its Compounding V3 with u we find V4, which is the See also:

ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute velocity of the steam after exit, and this should be no greater than is required to get the steam clear of the wheel. The most favourable See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

RUNNING

running would be when the bucket velocity u is such that Va is perpendicular to the plane of the wheel, for V4 would then have its least possible value. Assuming the angle of See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge /3' to be equal to we should in that event have u=lVicos a, which approximates more and more closely to 1 V1 the smaller a is made.

The ideal efficiency would be (V12—Vat)/V1' or 1—sin2a in a turbine in which the jet enters the buckets without shock and travels over them without friction. In practice a is about 20°. Owing to the impossibility of making the bucket See also:

SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed so high as the above condition implies the steam enters the buckets of a De See also:

LAVA

Lava! turbine with some shock and leaves them with a velocity inclined to the plane of the wheel, with a backward component, and the turbine loses something in efficiency through this exit velocity being greater than the ideal minimum. Taking a test of a De Laval turbine of 300 h.p. in which the steam consumed was 15.6 lb per See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power-See also:

HOUR

hour, Stodola estimates that the losses in the nozzle amount to about 15 % of the available See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy or See also:

TOTAL

total See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat drop, the losses in the buckets (due to friction and to eddy currents set up by shock) to 21% and the losses due to the velocity retained by the steam at exit to nearly 5%. The losses due to friction in the mechanism consume about 5% more, leaving a See also:

net return of about 54% of the available energy. 115. See also:

Curtis Turbine.—The Curtis turbine, like that of De Laval, is a pure impulse turbine, but the velocity of the jet is extracted not by one See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of buckets but by a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of rings, each of which extracts a certain See also:

PART

part. Between the first and second rings of buckets there are fixed See also:

GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide See also:

BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades which serve to turn the remaining See also:

motion of the steam into a direction proper for its action on the second ring, and so on. The jet, having acquired its velocity in a nozzle in the first See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, often acts on three successive rings of moving buckets, with two sets of fixed guide blades between, the three co-operating to See also:

EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract its kinetic energy. But the Curtis turbine is generally 'See also:

compound in the further sense that the total drop from admission to See also:

con-denser pressure is itself divided into two, three or more stages; the steam acquiring velocity anew at each See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage and then giving up that velocity in passing through a series of impulse turbine rings generally either two or three in number before undergoing the next drop in pressure. 116. Action of the Steam in the Curtis Turbine.—In this See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the heat drop or pressure drop into stages Curtis follows See also:

Parsons.

The distinctive feature in Curtis is the multi-impulse action which occurs at each pressure stage. This is illustrated in the See also:

DIAGRAM

diagram (fig. J7), which shows the nozzle and Steam See also:

CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

Chest 111 itassurma ItBIMMUMBBB) CCCCtCCCCCCirCCC C C C C c CC CC C C C C CC C CCCC -»l»aI »MD1 a»»>1 Turbine. blades of a two-stage Curtis turbine, with three rings of moving blades or buckets in each stage, arranged, of course, See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the periphery of a wheel. The velocity acquired in the nozzles is extracted as the steam pursues its sinuous course between moving and fixed blades, and it leaves the third ring in each See also:

case with only'a small residual velocity, the direction of which is approxi- mately parallel to the See also:

AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the wheel. The changes of velocity are illustrated in fig. 58, which, for the See also:

SAKE

sake of Simplification, is See also:

DRAWN

drawn for the ideal case of no friction. There u is the velocity of the buckets, V, the initial velocity of the jet, and V2 the initial relative velocity on entrance to the first moving ring. V3 is the absolute velocity on entering the second moving ring, and V4 the relative velocity. V5 is the absolute velocity on entering the third moving ring and Vs the relative velocity. Finally, V7 is the absolute velocity on leaving the third moving ring, and this in the. example here drawn is parallel to the axis of the turbine. The first moving blades have sides parallel to OB, BP; the first fixed blades have sides parallel to CP, PD.

The second moving blades have sides parallel to PE, EQ; the second fixed blades to FQ, QG, and the third moving blades to QH, HR, The steam then passes on to a second set of divergent nozzles in which it undergoes a second drop in pressure, acquiring velocity afresh, which it loses as before in passing through a set of three rings of moving buckets. In some Curtis turbines this is followed by a third and often a See also:

FOURTH

fourth similar See also:

PROCESS

process before the See also:

CONDENSER

condenser is reached. In a four-stage Curtis turbine the speed of the buckets is usually about 400 ft. per second; the steam issues from each set of nozzles with a velocity of about 2000 ft. per second, and each set of moving rings reduces this by something like 400 ft. per second. The losses due to steam friction are somewhat serious, although the blade speed in each set is sufficient to let the steam enter without shock; on the other See also:

hand, the Curtis turbine escapes to a See also:

GREAT

great extent losses due to leakage which are See also:

PRESENT

present in the Parsons type. The velocity diagram shown in fig. 58 may readily be modified to allow for effects of friction. Owing to the progressive reduction of velocity in passing from ring to ring a larger and larger See also:

AREA

area of blade opening is required, and this is provided for by making the height of the blades increase in the successive rings of each series. 117. Performance of Curtis Turbines.—Curtis turbines have been successfully applied in large sizes, especially in See also:

AMERICA

America, to drive electric generators, with outputs of as much as 9000 kilowatts, and in a few instances they have been adapted to marine propulsion. In large sizes, and using moderately super-heated steam, the Curtis turbine has achieved a high degree of efficiency. The See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage of superheating, in any type of turbine, is to reduce the wetness which the steam develops as it expands during See also:

WORK

work. The prejudicial effect of wetness is chiefly that it increases friction, especially in the later stages of the expansion.

Tests of Curtis turbines show that they maintain a very See also:

UNIFORM

uniform efficiency throughout a wide range of loads, and are capable of being much overloaded without Nozzle Moving Blades Stationary Blade. Mooing Blades Stationary Blade.

End of Article: I14

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