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SCHULTZE, MAX JOHANN SIGISMUND (1825-...

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 383 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SCHULTZE, MAX JOHANN See also:SIGISMUND (1825-1874) , See also:German microscopic anatomist, was See also:born at See also:Freiburg in See also:Breisgau (See also:Baden) on the 25th of See also:March 1825. He studied See also:medicine at Greifswald and See also:Berlin, and was appointed extraordinary See also:professor at See also:Halle in 1854 and five years later See also:ordinary professor of See also:anatomy and See also:histology and director of the Anatomical See also:Institute at See also:Bonn. He died at Bonn on the 16th of See also:January 1874. He founded, in 1865, and edited the important Archiv f2ir mikroskopische Anatomic, to which he contributed many papers, and he advanced the subject generally, by refining on its technical methods. His See also:works included Beitrdge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien (1851), Uber den Organismus der Polythalamien (1854), Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der, Landplanarien (1857), Zur Kenntnis der elektrischen Organe der Fische (1858) and Zur Anatomic and Physiologic der Retina (1866). His name is especially known for his See also:work on the See also:cell theory. Uniting F. Dujardin's conception of See also:animal sarcode with H. von See also:Mohl's of See also:vegetable protoplasma, he pointed out their identity, and included them under the See also:common name of See also:protoplasm, defining the cell as " a nucleated See also:mass of protoplasm with or without a cell-See also:wall " (Das Prole-plasma der Rhizopoden and der Pflanzenzellen; ein Beitrag zur Theorie der Zelle, 1863). SCHULZE-See also:DELITZSCH, See also:FRANZ See also:HERMANN (1808-1883), German economist, was born at Delitzsch, in Prussian See also:Saxony, on the 29th of See also:August 1808. The See also:place-name Delitzsch was added in 1848 to distinguish him from other Schulzes in the See also:National See also:Assembly. He studied See also:law at See also:Leipzig and Halle See also:universities and, when See also:thirty, he became an See also:assessor in the See also:court of See also:justice at Berlin, and three years later was appointed patrimonialrichter at Delitzsch. Entering the See also:parliament of 1848, he joined the See also:Left Centre, and, acting as See also:president of the See also:commission of inquiry into the See also:condition of the labourers and artisans, became impressed with the See also:necessity of co-operation to enable the smaller trades-See also:people to hold their own against the capitalists.

He was a member of the Second Chamber in 1848-1849; but as matters ceased to run smoothly between himself and the high legal officials, he threw up his public appointments in See also:

October 1851, and with-See also:drew to Delitzsch. Here he devoted himself to the organization and development of co-operation in See also:Germany, and to the See also:foundation of Vorschussvereine (people's See also:banks), of which he had established the first at Delitzsch in 185o. These See also:developed so rapidly that Schulze-Delitzsch in 1858, in See also:Die arbeitenden Klassen and das Assoziationswesen in Deutschland, enumerated twenty-five as already in existence. In 1859 he promoted the first Genossenschaftstag, or co-operative See also:meeting, in See also:Weimar, and founded a central See also:bureau of co-operative See also:societies. In 1861 he again entered the Prussian Chamber, and became a prominent member of the Progressist party. In 1863 he devoted the See also:chief portion of a testimonial, amounting to £75oo, to the See also:maintenance of his co-operative institutions and offices. This, however, was only to meet an exceptional outlay, for he always insisted that they must be self-supporting. The next three or four years were given to the formation of See also:local centres, and the See also:establishment of the Deutsche Genossenschafts-See also:Bank, 1865. The spread of these organizations naturally led to legislation on the subject, and this too was chiefly the work of Schulze-Delitzsch. As a member of the Chamber in 1867 he was mainly instrumental in passing the Prussian law of association, which was extended to the See also:North German See also:Confederation in 1868, and later to the See also:empire. Schulze-Delitzsch also contributed toafterwards at See also:Kiel. H.

C. See also:

Schumacher's See also:nephew, See also:CHRISTIAN SNbREAS SYCHUMACHER (1810-1854), was associated with the See also:geodetic survey of See also:Denmark from 1833 to 1838, and afterwards (1844-1845) improved the See also:observatory at Pulkowa.

End of Article: SCHULTZE, MAX JOHANN SIGISMUND (1825-1874)

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