See also:

• TOLSTOY, LEO (1828-1910)
• TOLSTOY, PETR ANDREEVICH, COUNT (1645–1729)

Whereupon the youthful Epicurean flung aside his books and pencils, and, stretched on his See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

Only in later years has the philosopher sometimes seemed to outweigh the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

He was always trying to be See also:

• ORIGINAL

" Of what avail," he said, " to know what happened a thousand years ago ? " Hence he neglected the lectures on these subjects, absented himself from the See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

Unfortunately, he was as yet without sufficient moral stamina to withstand recurring disappointments and to combat the suspicions of the serfs. The youthful reformer lacked the See also:

• PATIENCE

Bands of Circassians were constantly on the move, plundering and looting. The punitive expeditions in which Tolstoy took part were his first See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

" Once taste life in all its natural beauty, happiness will consist in being with Nature, seeing her, communing with her." His See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Shot and I See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

The Sovremennik (Contemporary), in which Tolstoy's first work, Childhood, had appeared, numbered among its contributors the foremost writers of the day. To be admitted to their ranks was considered by them an See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

With Turgeniev especially he found himself constantly at variance. A friendship between natures so diametrically opposite, between two men who might be described as leaders respectively of the old and the new school of thought, could not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

It was in Germany, indeed, that the novel of humble life sprang into being, Gotthelf leading the way with histales, Uli the Serf and Uli the See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

On his first trip, Germany and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Tolstoy, after halting in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

While there he visited the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

It was the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

Signs of discouragement grew visible. We find the enthusiast complaining that his masters See also:

• DESERT

Their demands were very clearly expressed. They knew what they wanted, and were thoroughly convinced that " in the great question of their spiritual development they would neither take a wrong step nor accept that which was false." Such was in substance Tolstoy's See also:

• DOCTRINE

Every day he had difficult points to deal with, deputations of peasants coming to see him, the new law and the rights it bestowed on them having to be explained. The hardest of all Tolstoy's tasks was to remove the suspicion and mistrust felt by the serf towards the landlord. On the other hand, he had to contend with the nobility of the district, who were well aware of the side on which his sympathies placed him. For a year and a half he tried energetically to do his duty, but this experience led him eventually to regard the Emancipation Law as a not unmixed blessing. It had come too soon, and been granted unasked. The condition of the peasantry was worse than before. A noble impulse, inspired by love of the people, impelled Tolstoy to become their See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

This was too much for the poor volunteer. He followed the officer as he was leaving the orderly-room, and struck him a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

At the conclusion of his arbitratorship, seeing his efforts partially nullified, and feeling himself overstrained and overworked, he determined to exile himself for a time to See also:

• SAMARA

The Behrs family were going on a visit to their grandfather, whose estate lay not more than 40 M. from Yasnaya Polyana. Here they accordingly See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

In the bringing up and instruction of his family Tolstoy See also:

• CON

It was due to N. Strachov, the literary critic, that public opinion was brought to recognize the merits of these novels. Every day Tolstoy retired to his room for a certain number of hours, and whether in the See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

Dismiss them all and See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

It was at Fet's house (in 1864) that the violent See also:

• QUARREL

I was delighted and much moved by it. With the greatest pleasure I am ready to renew our former friendship and to press your proffered hand. You are quite right in thinking I See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

But the continued pressure of severe See also:

• NERVOUS

Greek was his great attraction. " Without Greek," he exclaims, " there Studies in is no culture." He also became enamoured of the Philosophy. writings of See also:

• SCHOPENHAUER, ARTHUR (1788-186o)

The Russo-Turkish War put the crowning touch to these feelings. God and death, war and the intricacies of life were now the constant subjects of his letters. " You will not believe what joy your last letter has given me," he writes in 1877 to his dear friend Fet. " When you speak of the existence of the Deity, I agree with every-thing you say, and I would wish to write much, but time fails me and it is difficult in a letter. For the first time you write to me on the Divinity of God. I have been thinking about it for a long time. Don't say that we must not think about it. Not only we must, but we ought. In all ages the best people, the true people, have thought about it." Tolstoy now resumed the study of the Bible, and took special delight in the books of See also:

• ECCLESIASTES (Heb. n5np, Kohelet, "Koheleth "; Sept. EKKarlveamrils; Jerome concionator)

Turgeniev writes that he finds him " very silent, but much developed." The count on his side feels the same want of mutual sympathy as of old, and confesses that no real friendship seems possible between them. Tolstoy now entered on the third phase of his life. He himself thus describes the stages of his mental growth. In the first phase he lived only for his own lusts and Religious pleasures. This came to an end at the age of Develop-thirty-four. Then came the interest in the wel- went. fare of humanity, which married life cooled and obscured for a while. The striving for the welfare of mankind was mingled with the striving for personal well-being. But the third and highest phase was reached when the service of God became the See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

As a student and young man he had scorned and ridiculed religion. Later in life he became a pious and devoutly orthodox Greek Churchman, until one day during the Russo-Turkish War he was filled with a spirit of revolt at See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

Of these he speaks with simple candour in My Confession, an autobiographical See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

But with all his straining towards simplicity, it was in the nature of things impossible for Tolstoy absolutely to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

See also:

• MONEY

True, this renunciation made little difference in his manner of life. He lived under the same roof as before, See also:

• ATE

No true leader lacks a following. Every oppressed sect or individual turned instinctively to Tolstoy for sympathy and support, the most important case in point being that of the sect of the See also:

• DOUKHOBORS

was stricken with See also:

• PNEUMONIA (Gr. ?rveu AMP, lung)

A third group answered these questions by regarding life as an evil and foolish thing and by putting an end to it. Fourthly, there were those who considered it a stupid and ridiculous See also:

• FARCE

Communion he explained to himself as an action done in remembrance of Christ and as signifying a cleansing from sin and an See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

The sectarianism of Christianity had its See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

The words " See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

They should not regard anger as justifiable in any circumstances. The second commandment of Jesus Tolstoy declares to be, " Thou shalt not be See also:

• UNITED

Tolstoy admits that it is difficult to conceive that everything that is considered essential and natural—what is thought noble and See also:

• GRAND

Death is therefore not annihilation but merely the emancipation of the spirit, its introduction to a new and unknown state of existence, to another form of manifestation of the divine spiritual essence. The more a man endeavours to live the life of the spirit the nearer his approach to the eternal and the less the significance of death. But it is impossible for the human See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

They are tales rather of the development of the thoughts than of the life of a child, with a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

He is the embodiment of all that is good and bad in the Russian temperament. On the one side there is the striving after an ideal and a capacity for self-See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

The See also:

• AREA

The crisis has come, and swiftly obeying the impulse of her despair she seizes on death as her only weapon for wounding Wronsky and cutting the hopeless See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

Society generally, and Russian society in particular, is ruthlessly condemned for its views on marriage and its attitude towards the vexed question of the relations between man and woman. Marriage, Tolstoy says, can only be condoned if spiritual sympathy exists, and then only as the means to the continuance of the race; otherwise it is a See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

(C. H.