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BASHKIRTSEFF, MARIA CONSTANTINOVA [MA...

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Originally appearing in Volume V03, Page 467 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BASHKIRTSEFF, MARIA CONSTANTINOVA [See also:MARIE] (186o-1884) , See also:Russian artist and writer, was See also:born at Gavrontsi in the See also:government of Pultowa in See also:Russia on the 23rd of See also:November ,86o. When Marie was seven years old, as her See also:father (See also:marshal of the See also:nobility at Pultowa) and her See also:mother were unable through incompatibility to live together, Madame Bashkirtseff with herlittle daughter See also:left Russia to spend the winters at See also:Nice or in See also:Italy, and the summers at See also:German watering-places. Marie acquired an See also:education See also:superior to that given to most girls of her See also:rank. She could read See also:Plato and See also:Virgil in the See also:original, and write four See also:languages with almost equal facility. A gifted musician, she at first hoped to be a See also:singer, and studied seriously in Italy to that end; her See also:voice, however, was not strong enough to stand hard See also:work and failed her. Meanwhile she was also learning to draw. When she lost her voice she devoted herself to See also:painting, and in 1877 settled in See also:Paris, where she worked steadily in Tony See also:Robert-See also:Fleury's studio. In 188o she exhibited in the See also:salon a portrait of a woman; in 1881 she exhibited the "Atelier See also:Julian;"; in 1882 " See also:Jean et Jacques "; in 1884 the " See also:Meeting," and a portrait in See also:pastel of a See also:lady-her cousin—now in the Luxembourg See also:gallery, for which she was awarded a mention honorable. Her See also:health, always delicate, could not endure the labour she imposed on herself in addition to the See also:life of See also:fashion in which she became involved as a result of her success as an artist, and she died of See also:consumption on the 31st of See also:October 1884, leaving a, small See also:series of See also:works of remarkable promise. From her childhood Marie Bashkirtseff kept an autobiographical See also:journal; but the editors of these brilliant confessions (Journal de Marie Bashkirtseff, 189o), aiming apparently at captivating the reader's See also:interest by the girl's precocious gifts and by the names of the various distinguished persons with whom she came in contact, so treated certain portions as to draw down vehement protest. This, to some extent, has brought into question the See also:stamp of truthfulness which constitutes the See also:chief merit of this extra-ordinarily interesting See also:book. A further See also:instalment of Marie Bashkirtseff literature was published in the shape of letters between her and See also:Guy de See also:Maupassant, with whom she started a See also:correspondence under a feigned name and without revealing her identity.

See Mathilde See also:

Blind, A Study of Marie Bashkirtseff (T. See also:Fisher Unwin, 1892) ; The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff: an Exposure and a See also:Defence, by " S." (showing that there is throughout a See also:mistake of four years in the date of the See also:diary); See also:Black and See also:White, 6th Feb. and 11th See also:April 1891, pp. 17, 304; The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff, translated, with an Introduction, by Mathilde Blind (2 vols., See also:London, 189o) ; The Letters of Marie Bashkirtseff (1 vol.). (B. K.) BA$IL,' known as Basta THE See also:GREAT (c. 330-379), See also:bishop of Caesarea, a leading churchman in the 4th See also:century, came of a famous See also:family, which gave a number of distinguished supporters to the See also:Church. His eldest See also:sister, Macrina, was celebrated for her saintly life; his second See also:brother was the famous See also:Gregory of Nyssa; his youngest was See also:Peter, bishop of Sebaste; and his eldest brother was the famous See also:Christian jurist Naucratius. There was in the whole family a tendency to ecstatic emotion and enthusiastic piety, and it is See also:worth noting that See also:Cappadocia had already given to the Church men like Firmilian and Gregory Thaumaturgus. See also:Basil was born about 330 at Caesarea in Cappadocia. While he was still a See also:child, the family removed to See also:Pontus; but he soon returned to Cappadocia to live with his mother's relations, and seems to have been brought up by his grandmother Macrina. Eager to learn, he went to See also:Constantinople and spent four or five years there and at See also:Athens, where he had Gregory (q.v.) of Nazianzus for a See also:fellow-student. Both men were deeply influenced by See also:Origen, and compiled the well-known See also:anthology of his writings, known as Philocalia (edited by J.

A. See also:

Robinson, See also:Cambridge, 1893). It was at Athens that he seriously began to think of See also:religion, and resolved to seek out the most famous See also:hermit See also:saints in See also:Syria and See also:Arabia, in See also:order to learn from them how to attain to that enthusiastic piety in i The name Basil also belongs to several other distinguished churchmen. (I) Basil, bishop of See also:Ancyra from 336 to 360, a semi-Arian, highly favoured by the See also:emperor See also:Constantine, and a great polemical writer; none of his works are extant. (2) Basil of See also:Seleucia (f1.448—458), a bishop who shifted sides continually in the Eutychian controversy, and who wrote extensively; his works were published in Paris in 1622. (3) Basil of Ancyra, fl. 787; he opposed See also:image-See also:worship at the second See also:council of See also:Nicaea, but afterwards retracted. (4) Basil of Achrida, See also:archbishop of Thessalonica about 1155; he was a stanch upholder of the claims of the Eastern Church against the widening supremacy of the papacy. which he delighted, and how to keep his See also:body under by maceration and other ascetic devices. After this we find him at the See also:head of a' See also:convent near Arnesi in Pontus, in which his mother See also:Emilia, now a widow, his sister Macrina and several other ladies, gave themselves to a pious life of See also:prayer and charitable works. He was not ordained See also:presbyter until 365, and his ordination was probably the result of the. entreaties of his ecclesiastical superiors, who wished to use his talents against the Arians, who were numerous in that See also:part of the See also:country and were favoured by the Arian emperor, See also:Valens, who then reigned in Constantinople. In 370 See also:Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, died, and Basil was chosen to succeed him.

Phoenix-squares

It was then that his great See also:

powers were called into See also:action. Caesarea was an important See also:diocese, and its bishop was, ex officio, See also:exarch of the great diocese of Pontus. Hot-blooded and somewhat imperious, Basil was also generous and sympathetic. "His zeal for orthodoxy did not blind him to what was See also:good in an opponent; and for the See also:sake of See also:peace and charity he was content to waive the use of orthodox terminology when it could be surrendered without a See also:sacrifice of truth." He died in 379. The See also:principal theological writings of Basil are his De Spiritu Sancto, a lucid and edifying See also:appeal to Scripture and See also:early Christian tradition, and his three books against See also:Eunomius, the chief exponent of Anomoian Arianism. He was a famous preacher, and many of his homilies, including a series of lenten lectures on the Hexaemeron, and an exposition of the psalter, have been preserved. His ascetic tendencies are exhibited in the Moralia and Regulae, ethical manuals for use in the See also:world and the See also:cloister respectively. His three See also:hundred letters reveal a See also:rich and observant nature, which, despite the troubles of See also:ill-health and ecclesiastical unrest, remained optimistic, See also:tender and even playful. His principal efforts as a reformer were directed towards the improvement of the See also:liturgy, and the See also:reformation of the monastic orders of the See also:East. (See BASILIAN MONKS.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: See also:Editions of his works appeared at See also:Basel (1532) ; Paris, by J. See also:Garnier and P. Maranus (1721-1730), and by L. de Sinner (1839).

See also:

Migne's See also:Patrol. See also:ser. graec. 29-32; De Spiritu Sancto, ed. C. F. H. See also:Johnston (See also:Oxford, 1892) ; Liturgia, ed. A. See also:Robertson (London, 1894). See also the patrologies, e.g. that of O. Barden-hewer, and the histories of See also:dogma, e.g. those of A. See also:Harnack and F. Loofs.

End of Article: BASHKIRTSEFF, MARIA CONSTANTINOVA [MARIE] (186o-1884)

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