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BASIDIOLICHENES

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Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 586 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BASIDIOLICHENES (Hymenolichenes) Cora, Dictyonema (incl. Laudatea), Corell¢ (doubtfully placed here as the hymenium is unknown). Habitats and See also:

Distribution of See also:Lichens. 1. Habitats.—These are extremely varied, and comprise a See also:great number of very different substrata. Chiefly, however, they are the bark of trees, rocks, the ground, mosses and, rarely, perennial leaves. (a) With respect to corticolous lichens, some prefer the rugged bark of old trees (e.g. Ramalina, Parmelia, Stictei) and others the smooth bark of See also:young trees and shrubs (e.g. Graphidei and some Lecideae). Many are found principally in large forests (e.g. Usnea, Alectoria jubata); while a few occur more especially on trees by roadsides (e.g. Physcia parietina and Ph. pulverulenta).

In connexion with corticolous lichens may be mentioned those lignicole See also:

species which grow on decayed, or decaying See also:wood of trees and on old See also:pales (e.g. Caliciei, various Lecideae, hylographa), (b) As to saxicolous lichens, which occur on rocks and stones, they may be divided into two sections, viz. calcicolous and calcifugous. To the former belong such as are found on calcareous and cretaceous rocks, and the See also:mortar of walls (e.g. Lecanora calcarea, Lecidea calcivora and several Vcrrucariae), while all other saxicolous lichens may be regarded as belonging to the latter, whatever may be the mineralogical See also:character of the substratum. It is here worthy of See also:notice that the apothecia of several calcicolous lichens (e.g. Lecanora Prevostii, Lecidea calcivora) have the See also:power of forming See also:minute cavities in the See also:rock, in which they are partially buried. (c) With respect to terrestrial species, some prefer peaty See also:soil (e.g. Cladonia, Lecidea decolorans), others calcareous soil (e.g. Lecanora crassa, Lecidea decipiens), others sandy soil or hardened mud (e.g. Collema limosum, Peltidea See also:venosa); while many may be found growing on all kinds of soil, from the sands of the See also:sea-See also:shore to the granitic detritus of lofty mountains, with the exception of course of cultivated ground, there being no agrarian lichens. (d) Muscicolous lichens again are such as are most frequently met with on decayed mosses and Jungermannia, whether on the ground, trees or rocks (e.g. Leptogium muscicola, Gomphillus calicioides).

(e) The epiphyllous species are very See also:

peculiar as occurring upon perennial leaves of certain trees and shrubs, whose vitality is not at all affected by their presence as it is by that of See also:fungi. In so far, however, as is known, they are very limited in number (e.g. Lecidea, Bouteillei, Strigula). Sometimes various lichens occur abnormally in such unexpected habitats as dried dung of See also:sheep, bleached bones of See also:reindeer and whales, old See also:leather, See also:iron and See also:glass, in districts where the species are abundant. It is apparent that in many cases lichens are quite indifferent to the substrata on which they occur, whence we infer that the preference of several for certain substrata depends upon the temperature of the locality BIBLIociAPHV.-See also:General: Engler and Prantl, See also:Die naturlichen Pfl¢nzenf¢milien, Tell 1, See also:Abt. I * where full literature will be found up to 1898. M. Funfstuck, " Der gegenwartige Stand der Flechtenkunde," Refer. Generalvers. d. dent. bot. Ges. (19902). Dual Nature: J.

Phoenix-squares

Baranetzky, " Beitrage zur Kenntnis See also:

des selbststandigen Lebens der Flechtengonidien," Prings. Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot. vii. (1869); E. Bornet, " Recherches sur See also:les gonidies des lichens,". See also:Anna de sci. nat. bot., 5 See also:ser. n. 17 (1873) ; G. See also:Bonnier, Recherches sur la synthese des lichens," See also:Ann. de sci. nat. bot., 7 ser. n. 9 (1889) ; A. Famintzin and J. Baranetzky, "Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Gonidien u. Zoosporenbildung der Lichenen," Bot.

Zeit. (1867, p. 189, 1868, p. 169) ; S. Schwendener, Die Algentypen der Flechtengonidien (See also:

Basel, 1869) ; A. M611er, Uber die Kultur flechtenbildender Ascomyceten aline Algen. (See also:Munster, 1887). Sexuality: E. See also:Stahl, Beitrage zur,. Entwickelungsgeschichte der Flechten (See also:Leipzig, 1877),; G. See also:Lindau, Uber Anlage and Entwickelung einigerFlechtenapothecien (See also:Flora, 1888) ; E. See also:Baur, " Zur Frage nach der Sexualitat der Collemaceae," Ber. d. dent. bot.

Ges. (1898); " Uber Anlage and Entwickelung einiger Flechtenapothecien " (Flora, Bd. 88, 1901) ; " Untersuchungen fiber die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Flechtenapothecien," Bot. Zeit. (1904) ; 0. V. Darbishire," Uber die Apothecium-entwiekelung der Flechte, Physcia pulverulenta," See also:

Nye. Prings. Jahrb. (Bd. 34, 190o). See also:Chemistry.—W.

Zopf, " Vergleichende Produkte," Beitr. z. bot. Centralbl. (Bd. 14, 1903) ; Die Flechtenstoffe (See also:

Jena, 1907). U. M. C.; V. H.

End of Article: BASIDIOLICHENES

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