Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

GARNIER, ROBERT (c. 1545–c.1600)

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 473 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
» Make a correction to this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

See also:

GARNIER, See also:ROBERT (c. 1545–c.1600) , See also:French tragic poet, was See also:born at Ferte See also:Bernard (Le See also:Maine) in 1545. He published his first See also:work while still a See also:law-student at See also:Toulouse, where he won a See also:prize (1565) in the jeux floraux. It was a collection of lyrical pieces, now lost, entitled Plaintes amoureuses de Robert Garnier (1565). After some practice at the Parisian See also:bar, he became conseiller du roi au See also:siege presidial et senechaussee of Le Maine, his native See also:district, and later See also:lieutenant-See also:general criminel. His friend See also:Lacroix du Maine says that he enjoyed a See also:great reputation as an orator. He was a distinguished See also:magistrate, of considerable See also:weight in his native See also:province, who gave his leisure to literature, and whose merits as a poet were fully recognized by his own See also:generation. He died at Le Mans probably in 1599 or 1600. In his See also:early plays he was a See also:close follower of the school of dramatists who were inspired by the study of See also:Seneca. In these productions there is little that is strictly dramatic except the See also:form. A tragedy was a See also:series of rhetorical speeches relieved by a lyric See also:chorus. His pieces in this manner are Porcie (published 1568, acted at the hotel de Bourgogne in 1573), Cornelie and Hippolyle (both acted in 1573 and printed in 1574).

In Porcie the deaths of See also:

Cassius, See also:Brutus and Portia are each the subject of an eloquent See also:recital, but the See also:action is confined to the See also:death of the See also:nurse, who alone is allowed to See also:die on the See also:stage. His next See also:group of tragedies—Marc-See also:Antoine (1578), La Troade (1579), See also:Antigone (acted and printed 158o)—shows an advance on the See also:theatre of See also:Etienne See also:Jodelle and Jacques See also:Grevin, and on his own early plays, in so much that the rhetorical See also:element is accompanied by abundance of action, though this is accomplished by the See also:plan of joining together two virtually See also:independent pieces in the same way. In 1582 and 1583 he produced his two masterpieces Bradamante and See also:Les Juives. In Bradamante, which alone of his plays has no chorus, he cut himself adrift from Senecan See also:models, and sought his subject in See also:Ariosto, the result being what came to be known later as a tragi-See also:comedy. The dramatic and romantic See also:story becomes a real See also:drama in Garnier's hands, though even there the lovers, Bradamante and See also:Roger, never meet on the stage. The contest in the mind of Roger supplies a genuine dramatic See also:interest in the manner of See also:Corneille. Les Juives is the pathetic story of the barbarous vengeance of Nebuchadnezzar on the Jewish See also:king See also:Zedekiah and his See also:children. The Jewish See also:women lamenting the See also:fate of their children take a See also:principal See also:part in this tragedy, which, although almost entirely elegiac in conception, is singularly well designed, and gains unity by the See also:personality of the See also:prophet. M. See also:Faguet says that of all French tragedies of the 16th and 17th centuries it is, with Athalie, the best constructed with regard to the requirements of the stage. Actual See also:representation is continually in the mind of the author; his drama is, in fact, visually conceived. Garnier must be regarded as the greatest French tragic poet of his See also:century and the precursor of the great achievements of the next.

The best edition of his See also:

works is by Wendelin Foerster (See also:Heilbronn, 4 vols., 1882-1883). A detailed See also:criticism of his works is to be found in Emile Faguet, La Tragedie See also:franchise an XVP siecle (1883, pp. 183-307). GARNIER-PAGES, ETIENNE See also:JOSEPH See also:LOUIS (1802-1841), French politician, was born at See also:Marseilles on the 27th of See also:December 18o1. Soon after his See also:birth his See also:father See also:Jean See also:Francois Garnier, a See also:naval surgeon, died, and his See also:mother married See also:Simon Pages, a See also:college See also:professor, by whom she had a son. The boys were brought up together, and took the See also:double name Gamier-Pages. Etienne found employment first in a commercial See also:house in Marseilles, and then See also:roan See also:insurance See also:office in See also:Paris. In 1825 he began to study law, and made some See also:mark as an See also:advocate. A keen opponent of the Restoration, he joined various democratic See also:societies, notably the Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera, an organization for purifying the elections. He took part in the revolution of See also:July 1830; became secretary of the Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera, whose propaganda he brought into See also:line with his See also:anti-monarchical.ideas; and in 1831 was sent from See also:Isere to the chamber of deputies. He was concerned in the preparation of the Compte rendu of 1832, and advocated universal See also:suffrage. He was an eloquent See also:speaker, and his See also:sound knowledge of business and See also:finance gave him a marked See also:influence among all parties in the chamber.

He died in Paris on the 23rd of See also:

June 1841. His See also:half-See also:brother, Lours ANTOINE GARNIER-PAGES (1803-1878), fought on the barricades during the revolution of July 183o, and after Etienne's death was elected to the chamber ofdeputies (1842). He was a keen See also:promoter of reform, and was a leading spirit in the affair of the reform banquet fixed for the 22nd of See also:February 1848. He was a member of the provisional See also:government of 1848, and was named See also:mayor of Paris. On the 5th of See also:March 1848 he was made See also:minister of finance, and incurred great unpopularity by the See also:imposition of additional taxes. He was a member of the Constituent See also:Assembly and of the Executive See also:Commission. Under the See also:Empire he was conspicuous in the republican opposition and opposed the See also:war with See also:Prussia, and after the fall of See also:Napoleon III. became a member of the Government of See also:National See also:Defence. Unsuccessful at the elections See also:fog the National Assembly (the 8th of February 1871), he retired into private See also:life, and died in Paris on the 31St of See also:October 1878. He wrote Histoire de la revolution de 1848 (186o-1862) ; Histoire de la commission executive (1869-1872); and L'Opposition et ?empire (1872).

End of Article: GARNIER, ROBERT (c. 1545–c.1600)

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
GARNIER, MARIE JOSEPH FRANCOIS [FRANCIS] (1839–18... 		[next]
GARNISH

Site © 2006 - Net Industries