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See also:TOLSTOY, PETR ANDREEVICH, See also:COUNT (1645–1729) , See also:Russian statesman, was the son of the okolmnichy Andrei Vasilevich Tolstoy. He served in 1682 as See also:- CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
- CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)
chamberlain at the See also:court of See also:Theodore III. Miscalculating the strength of the tsarevna See also:Sophia (q.v.) he became one of her most energetic supporters, but contrived to join the other, and winning, See also:side just before the final See also:catastrophe. For a See also:long See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter kept his latest recruit at See also:arm's length; but when, in 1697, Tolstoy volunteered to go to See also:Venice to learn See also:Italian and See also:ship-See also:building, Peter could not resist the subtle flattery implied in such a proposal from a See also:middle-aged See also:Muscovite See also:noble. In See also:November r7o1 Tolstoy was appointed the first regularly accredited Russian See also:ambassador to the See also:Porte, and more than justified the confidence of the most exacting of masters; though his
See also:peculiar expedients (e.g. the procuring of the strangulation of a See also:grand See also:vizier and the removal by See also:poison of an inconvenient private secretary) savoured more of the Italian than of the Russian See also:Renaissance. Even before See also:Poltava, Tolstoy had the greatest difficulty in preventing the See also:Turks from aiding the Swedes, and when See also:Charles XII. took See also:refuge on See also:Turkish See also:soil he instantly demanded his See also:extradition. This was a See also:diplomatic blunder, as it only irritated the already alarmed Turks; and on the loth of See also:October 1710 Tolstoy was thrown into the Seven Towers, a proceeding tantamount to a See also:declaration of See also:war against See also:Russia. On his See also:release from " this Turkish See also:hell," in 1714, he returned to Russia, was created a senator, and closely associated himself with the omnipotent favourite, See also:Menshikov. In 1717 his position during Peter's reign was secured once for all by his successful See also:mission to See also:Naples to bring back the unfortunate tsarevich Alexius, whom he may be said to have literally hunted to See also:death. For this he earned the undying hatred of the See also:majority of the Russian See also:people; but Peter naturally regarded it as an inestimable service and loaded Tolstoy with honours and riches, appointing him, moreover, the See also:head of the See also:secret chancellery, or See also:official See also:torture chamber, a See also:post for which Tolstoy was by nature eminently fitted. He materially assisted Menshikov to raise the empress See also:consort to the See also:throne on the decease of Peter (1725), and the new See also:sovereign made him a count and one of the six members of the newly instituted supreme privy See also:council. Tolstoy was well aware that the See also:elevation of the grand See also:duke Peter, son of the tsarevich Alexius, would put an end to his own career and en-danger his whole See also:family, so that when Menshikov, during the last days of See also:Catherine I., declared in favour of Peter II., Tolstoy endeavoured to See also:form a party of his own whose See also:object it was to promote the See also:accession of Catherine's second daughter, the tsarevna See also:Elizabeth. But Menshikov was too strong and too See also:quick for his See also:ancient colleague. On the very See also:day of the empress's death (May u, 1727), Tolstoy, now in his eighty-second See also:year, was banished to the Solovetsk monastery in the See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White See also:Sea, where he died two years later. He is the author of a See also:sketch of the impressions made upon him by western See also:Europe during his tour in the years 1697—1698 and also of a detailed description of the See also:Black Sea.
See N. A. Popov, "Count P. A. Tolstoy" (Russ.) in Old and New Russia (See also:Petersburg, 1875); and "From the See also:Life of P. A. Tolstoy" (Russ.) in Russian Reporter (Petersburg, 186o); R. N. See also:Bain, Pupils of Peter the See also:Great (See also:London, 1897) ; and The First Romanovs (London, 1905). (R. N.
End of Article: TOLSTOY, PETR ANDREEVICH, COUNT (1645–1729)
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