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MINSTREL . The word " minstrel," which is a derivative from the Latin See also:minister, a servant, through the diminutives ministellus, ministrallus (Fr. menestrel), only acquired its See also:special sense of See also:household entertainer See also:late in the 13th See also:century. It was the See also:equivalent of the See also:Low Latin joculator 1 (Prov. joglar, Fr. jougleur, See also:Mid. Eng. jogclour), and had an equally wide significance.
The minstrel of See also:medieval See also:England had his forerunners in the See also:Teutonic See also:soap (O.H.G. sco"pf or See also:scot, a shaper or maker), and to a limited extent in the mimes of the later See also:Roman See also:empire. The earliest See also:record of the Teutonic stop is found in the Anglo-Saxon poem of Widsith, which in an earlier See also:form probably See also:dates back before the See also:English See also:conquest. Widsith, the far-traveller, belonged to a tribe which was See also:neighbour to the Angles, and was sent on a See also:mission to the Ostrogoth Eormanric (Hermanric or See also:Ermanaric, d. 375), from whom he received a See also:collar of beaten See also:gold. He wandered from See also:place to place singing or telling stories in the See also:mead-See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, and saw many nations, from the Picts and Scots in the See also:west to the Medes and Persians in the See also:east. Finally he received a See also:gift of See also:land in his native See also:country. The Complaint of Deor and See also:Beowulf give further See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof that the Teutonic stop held an See also:honour-able position, which was shaken by the See also:advent of See also:Christianity. The stop and the gleeman (the terms appear to have been practically synonymous) shared in the See also:general condemnation passed by the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church on the dancers, jugglers, See also:bear-leaders and tumblers. Saxo Grammaticus (Historia danica, bk. v.) condemns the Irish See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king Hugleik because he spent all his See also:bounty on mimes and jugglers. That the loftier tradition of the scb'pas was preserved in spite of these influences is shown by the tales of See also:Alfred and Anlaf disguised as minstrels. With the See also:Normans came the joculator or jogleur, who wore See also:gaudy-coloured coats and the See also:flat
1 Used by See also:John of See also:Salisbury (Polycraticus, i. 8) as a generic See also:term to See also:cover mimi, See also:salii or saliares, balatrones, aemiliani, gladiatores, palaestritae, gignadii, praestigiatores.
shoes of the Latin mimes, and had a shaven See also:face and See also:close-cut See also:hair. Jogleurs were admitted everywhere, and enjoyed the freedom of speech accorded to the professional See also:jester. Their impunity, however, was not always maintained, for See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry I. is said to have put out the eyes of Luc de la See also:Barre for See also:lampoon. See also:ing him. A fairly defined class distinction soon arose. Those minstrels who were attached to royal or See also:noble households had a status very different from that of the See also:motley entertainers, who soon came under the restrictions imposed on vagabonds generally. A joculator regis, Berdic by name, is mentioned in Domesday See also:Book. The king's minstrels formed See also:part of the royal household, and were placed under a rex, a fairly See also:common term of honour in the See also:craft (cf. See also:Adenes li rois). See also:Edward III. had nineteen minstrels in his pay, including three who See also:bore the See also:title of See also:waits. The large towns had in their pay bodies of waits, generally designated in the civic accounts as histriones. A wait under Edward III. had to " See also:pipe the See also:watch " four times nightly between Michaelmas and Shere Tuesday, and three times nightly during the See also:remainder of the See also:year. In spite of the repeated prohibitions of the 'Church, the See also:matter was compromised in practice. Even religious houses had their minstrels, and so pious a See also:prelate as See also:Robert See also:Grosseteste had his private harper, whose chamber adjoined the See also:bishop's. St See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Aquinas (Summa theologia) said that there was no See also:sin in the minstrel's See also:art if it were kept within the See also:bounds of decency. Thomas de Cabham, bishop of Salisbury (d. 1313), in a See also:Penitential distinguished three kinds of minstrels (histriones)—buffoons or tumblers; the wandering scurrae, by whom he probably meant the goliardi (see See also:GOLIARD) ; and the singers and players of See also:instruments. In the third class he discriminated between the singers of lewd songs and those joculatores who took their songs from the deeds of princes and the lives of See also:saints. The performances of these joculatores were permissible, and they themselves were not to be excluded from the consolations of the Church. The Parisian minstrels were formed into a gild in 1321, and in England a See also:charter of Edward IV. (1469) formed the royal minstrels into a gild, which minstrels throughout the country were compelled to join if they wished to exercise their See also:trade. A new charter was conferred in 1604, when its See also:jurisdiction was limited to the See also:city of See also:London and 3 M. See also:round it. This See also:corporation still exists, under the See also:style of the Corporation of the See also:Master, Wardens and Commonalty of the Art or See also:Science of the Musicians of London.
During the best See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of minstrelsy—the loth, 11th and 12th centuries—the minstrel, especially when he composed his own songs, was held in high honour. He was probably of noble or See also:good See also:bourgeois See also:birth, and was treated by his hosts more or less as an equal. The distinction between the See also:troubadour and the jogleur which was established in See also:Provence probably soon spread to See also:France and England. In any See also:case it is probable that the poverty which forms the See also:staple topic of the poems of See also:Rutebeuf (q.v.) was the commonest See also:lot of the minstrel.
Entries of payments to minstrels occur in the accounts of corporations and religious houses throughout the 16th century; but the art of minstrelsy, already in its decline, was destroyed in England by the introduction of See also:printing, and the minstrel of the entertainments given to See also:Elizabeth at See also:Kenilworth was little more than a survival.
The best See also:account of the subject is to be found in.E. K. See also:Chambers's Medieval See also:Stage (1903), i. 23-86 and ii. 230-266. See also L. See also:Gautier in Epopees francaises (vol. ii., 2nd ed., 1892) ; A. See also:Schultz, Das hofische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger (2nd ed., 1889) ; T. See also:Percy, Reliques of English See also:Poetry (ed. H. B. See also:Wheatley, 1876) ; J. See also:Ritson, See also:Ancient English Metrical Romances (1802); J. J. See also:Jusserand, English Wayfaring See also:Life in the See also:Middle Ages (4th ed., 1892).
End of Article: MINSTREL
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