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See also:GROSSETESTE, See also:ROBERT (c. 1175—1253) , See also:English statesman, theologian and See also:bishop of See also:Lincoln, was See also:born of humble parents at Stradbrook in See also:Suffolk. He received his See also:education at See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford where he became proficient in See also:law, See also:medicine and the natural sciences. Giraldus Cambrensis, whose acquaintance he hadmade, introduced him, before 1194, to See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William de See also:Vere, bishop of See also:Hereford. Grosseteste aspired to a See also:post in the bishop's See also:house-hold, but being deprived by See also:death of this See also:patron betook himself to the study of See also:theology. It is possible that he visited See also:Paris for this purpose, but he finally settled in Oxford as a teacher. His first preferment of importance was the chancellorship of the university. He gained considerable distinction as a lecturer, and was the first See also:rector of the school which the See also:Franciscans established in Oxford about 1224. Grosseteste's learning is highly praised by See also:Roger See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
Bacon, who was a severe critic. According to Bacon, Grosseteste knew little See also:Greek or See also:Hebrew and paid slight See also:attention to the See also:works of See also:Aristotle, but was pre-eminent among his contemporaries for his knowledge of the natural sciences. Between 1214 and 1231 Grosseteste held in See also:succession the archdeaconries of See also:Chester, See also:Northampton and See also:Leicester. In 1232, after a severe illness, he resigned all his benefices and preferments except one prebend which he held at Lincoln. His intention was to spend the See also:rest of his See also:life in contemplative piety. But he retained the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of See also:chancellor, and in 1235 accepted the bishopric of Lincoln. He undertook without delay the See also:reformation of morals and clerical discipline throughout his vast See also:diocese. This See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme brought him into conflict with more than one privileged See also:corporation, but in particular with his own See also:chapter, who vigorously disputed his claim to exercise the right of visitation over their community. The dispute raged hotly from 1239 to 1245. It was conducted on both sides with unseemly violence, and those who most approved of Grosseteste's See also:main purpose thought it needful to warn him against the See also:mistake of over-zeal. But in 1245, by a See also:personal visit to the papal See also:court at See also:Lyons, he secured a favourable See also:verdict. In ecclesiastical politics the bishop belonged to the school of See also:Becket. His zeal for reform led him to advance, on behalf of the courts-See also:Christian, pretensions which it was impossible that the See also:secular See also:power should admit. He twice incurred a well-merited rebuke from See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III. upon this subject; although it was See also:left for See also:Edward I. to See also:settle the question of principle in favour of the See also:state. The devotion of Grosseteste to the hierarchical theories of his See also:age is attested by his See also:correspondence with his chapter and the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king. Against the former he upheld the See also:prerogative of the bishops; against the latter he asserted that it was impossible for a bishop to disregard the commands of the See also:Holy See. Where the liberties of the See also:national See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church came into conflict with the pretensions of See also:Rome he stood by his own countrymen. Thus in 1238 he demanded that the king should See also:release certain Oxford scholars who had assaulted the See also:legate See also:Otho. But at least up to the See also:year 1247 he submitted patiently to papal encroachments, contenting himself with the See also:protection (by a See also:special papal See also:privilege) of his own diocese from See also:alien clerks. Of royal exactions he was more impatient; and after the retirement of See also:Archbishop See also:Saint See also:Edmund (q.v.) constituted himself the spokesman of the clerical See also:estate in the See also:Great See also:Council. In 1244 he sat on a See also:committee which was empanelled to consider a demand for a See also:subsidy. The committee rejected the demand, and Grosseteste foiled an See also:attempt on the king's See also:part to See also:separate the See also:clergy from the baronage. " It is written," the bishop said, " that See also:united we stand and divided we fall."
It was, however, soon made clear that the king and See also:pope were in See also:alliance to crush the See also:independence of the English clergy; and from 1250 onwards Grosseteste openly criticized the new See also:financial expedients to which See also:Innocent IV. had been driven by his desperate conflict with the See also:Empire. In the course of a visit which he made to Innocent in this year, the bishop laid before the pope and cardinals a written memorial in which he ascribed all the evils of the Church to the See also:malignant See also:influence of the See also:Curia. It produced no effect, although the cardinals See also:felt that Grosseteste was too influential to be punished for his audacity. Much discouraged by his failure the bishop thought of resigning. In the end, however, he decided to continue the unequal struggle. In 1251 he protested against a papal See also:mandate enjoining the English clergy to pay Henry III. one-tenth of their revenues for a crusade; and called attention to the fact that, under the See also:system of provisions, a sum of 70,000 marks was annually See also:drawn
from See also:England by the alien nominees of Rome. In 1253, upon being commanded to provide in his own diocese for a papal See also:nephew, he wrote a See also:letter of expostulation and refusal, not to the pope himself but to the See also:commissioner, See also:Master Innocent, through whom he received the mandate. The See also:text of the remonstrance, as given in the See also:Burton See also:Annals and in See also:Matthew Paris, has possibly been altered by a forger who had less respect than Grosseteste for the papacy. The See also:language is more violent than that which the bishop elsewhere employs. But the See also:general See also:argument, that the papacy may command obedience only so far as its commands are consonant with the teaching of See also:Christ and the apostles, is only what should be expected from an ecclesiastical reformer of Grosseteste's See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. There is much more See also:reason for suspecting the letter addressed " to the nobles of England, the citizens of See also:London, and the community of the whole See also:realm," in which Grosseteste is represented as denouncing in unmeasured terms papal See also:finance in all its branches. But even in this See also:case See also:allowance must be made for the difference between See also:modern and See also:medieval See also:standards of decorum.
Grosseteste numbered among his most intimate See also:friends the Franciscan teacher, See also:Adam See also:Marsh (q.v.). Through Adam he came into See also:close relations with See also:Simon de See also:Montfort. From the Franciscan's letters it appears that the See also:earl had studied a See also:political See also:tract by Grosseteste on the difference between a See also:monarchy and a tyranny; and that he embraced with See also:enthusiasm the bishop's projects of ecclesiastical reform. Their alliance began as See also:early as 1239, when Grosseteste exerted himself to bring about a reconciliation between the king and the earl. But there is no reason to suppose that the political ideas of Montfort had matured before the death of Grosseteste; nor did Grosseteste busy him-self overmuch with secular politics, except in so far as they touched the See also:interest of the Church. Grosseteste realized that the See also:misrule of Henry III. and his unprincipled compact with the papacy largely accounted for the degeneracy of the English See also:hierarchy and the laxity of ecclesiastical discipline.
But he can hardly be termed a constitutionalist.
Grosseteste died on the 9th of See also:October 1253. He must then have been between seventy and eighty years of age. He was already an elderly See also:man, with a firmly established reputation, when he became a bishop. As an ecclesiastical statesman he showed the same fiery zeal and versatility of which he had given See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof in his academical career; but the general tendency of modern writers has been to exaggerate his political and ecclesiastical services, and to neglect his performances as a scientist and See also:scholar. The See also:opinion of his own age, as expressed by Matthew Paris and Roger Bacon, was very different. His contemporaries, while admitting the excellence of his intentions as a statesman, See also:lay stress upon his defects of See also:temper and discretion. But they see in him the See also:pioneer of a See also:literary and scientific See also:movement; not merely a great ecclesiastic who patronized learning in his leisure See also:hours, but the first mathematician and physicist of his age. It is certainly true that he anticipated, in these See also:fields of thought, some of the most striking ideas to which Roger Bacon subsequently gave a wider currency.
See the Epistolae Roberti Grosseteste (Rolls See also:Series, 1861) edited with a valuable introduction by H. R. Luard. Grosseteste's famous memorial to the pope is printed in the appendix to E. See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
Brown's Fasciculus serum expetendarum et fugiendarum (169o). A tract De phisicis, lineis, angulis et figuris was printed at See also:Nuremberg in 1503. A See also:French poem, Le Chastel d'amour, sometimes attributed to him, has been printed by the See also:Caxton Society. Two curious tracts, the " De moribus pueri ad mensam " (printed by Wynkyn de Worde) and the " Statuta familiae Roberti Grosseteste " (printed by J. S. See also:Brewer in Monumenta Franciscana, i. 582), may be from his See also:pen; but the editor of the latter See also:work ascribes it to. Adam de Marsh. There is less doubt respecting the Reules Seynt Robert, a tract giving See also:advice for the management of the See also:household of the countess of Lincoln. For Grosseteste's life and work see Roger Bacon's See also:Opus majus (ed. J. H. See also:Bridges, 1897, 2 vols.) and See also:Opera quaedam inedita '(ed. S. Brewer, Rolls Series, 1859); M. Paris's Chronica majora (ed. J. R. Luard, Rolls Series, 1872-1883, 5 vols.) ; and the Lives
by S. Pegge (1793) and F. S. See also:Stevenson (1899). (H. W. C.
End of Article: GROSSETESTE, ROBERT (c. 1175—1253)
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