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heat in summer is excessive (mean, 73.40 F.), owing to the confined position; but the surrounding hills (1500 to 2400 ft.) shelter the town effectively from the See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold winds of See also:

winter (mean, 34.70)• A large square, cathedrals, handsome streets, gardens, See also:

bridges, many See also:

FINE

fine buildings—among them the See also:

GRAND

grand-ducal See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, the See also:

OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera-See also:

house and the museum—European shops, the See also:

CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club or " circle," hotels and public offices, are See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of western See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization. Among the See also:

MODERN

modern public buildings are the See also:

Hall of Fame (1885), the Caucasian Museum, a See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral of the See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

Greek See also:

Church, and a sericultural museum. The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the older edifices is the (See also:

SION [Ger. Sitten]

Sion) cathedral, which traces back its origin to the 5th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. Other churches date from the 14th and 15th centuries, the Armenian cathedral of See also:

Van from 1480, and the Catholic church from the 14th century. At Tiflis are the Caucasian See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Russian See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society, an astronomical and a See also:

PHYSICAL

physical See also:

OBSERVATORY

observatory, a botanical See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden and museum, and a public library. There are See also:

cotton and See also:

SILK

silk factories, tanneries, See also:

SOAP

soap-See also:

WORKS

works and See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-works. The artisans of Tiffis are renowned as silversmiths, gunsmiths and See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword-makers. Tiflis is the chief centre for the import of raw silk and silken goods, raw cotton, cottons, woollens, boots, See also:

TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, carpets, and dried fruits from See also:

PERSIA

Persia and See also:

TRANSCAUCASIA

Transcaucasia, while manufactured wares are imported from Russia. The See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city has considerably See also:

DEVELOPED

developed, and had, in 1897, 160,645 inhabitants, as compared with 104,024 in 1883.

They include Georgians, Russians, Germans, Persians and See also:

TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars. In the old See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of Tiflis three distinct towns were included—Tiflis, Kal'a (the fort) and Isni; subsequently Tiflis seems to have been known as Saidabad, Kal'a as Tiflis, and Isni as Aulabar. Kal'a and Isni possessed citadels; that of the former contained the church of St See also:

Nicholas and a royal palace; that of the latter the church of the See also:

HOLY

Holy Virgin and the See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

ARCHIMANDRITE (from Gr. apxcov, a ruler, and µav3pa, a fold or monastery)

archimandrite. The town is now divided into quarters: the Russian (the finest of all), the See also:

German, the Armenian, and that in which are congregated See also:

Jews, Mahommedans and the See also:

mass of Orientals. The Georgian See also:

ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals put the See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation .of Tiflis back to A.D. 399. In the later See also:

HALF

half of the 5th century the chieftain of See also:

GEORGIA

Georgia, Wakhtang, Gurgaslan, transferred his capital from See also:

MTSKHET

Mtskhet to the warm springs of Tphilis, where he erected several churches and a fort. In 570 the Persians took the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and made it the residence of their rulers, but retained it only for ten years. Tiflis suffered successive plunderings and devastations at the hands of the Greeks in 626, of one of the commanders of the See also:

CALIPH, CALIF

Caliph See also:

OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar in 731, of the See also:

KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars in 828, and of the See also:

ARABS

Arabs in 851. The Georgians, however, always managed to return to it and to keep it in their permanent See also:

possession. In the course of the succeeding centuries Tiflis See also:

fell repeatedly into See also:

Persian hands; and it was plundered by the Mongol conqueror Tamerlane towards the end of the 14th century. Afterwards the See also:

TURKS

Turks seized it several times, and towards the end of the 17th century the See also:

LESGHIANS, or LESCHIS (from the Persian Leksi, called Leki by the Grusians or Georgians, Armenians and Ossetes)

Lesghians attacked it.

In 1795, when the shah of Persia plundered Tiflis, Russia sent troops to its See also:

PROTECTION

protection, and the Russian occupation became permanent in 1799. Perhaps one of the fullest accounts of Tiflis is contained in Brosset's edition of the Description geographique de la Georgie (St See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1842), by the illegitimate son of Wakhtang VI., See also:

king of Karthli (i.e. Georgia), who became a pensioner of See also:

Peter the See also:

GREAT

Great. (P. A. K.; J. T.

End of Article: TIFLIS

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