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See also:FITZROY, See also:ROBERT (1805-1865) , See also:English. See also:vice-See also:admiral, distinguished as a hydrographer and meteorologist, was See also:born at Ampton See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall, See also:Suffolk, on the 5th of See also:July 18o5, being a See also:grand-son, on the See also:father's See also:side, of the third See also:duke of See also:Grafton, and on the See also:mother's, of the first See also:marquis of See also:Londonderry. He entered the See also:navy from the Royal See also:Naval See also:College, then a school for cadets, on the 19th of See also:October 1819, and on the 7th of See also:September 1824 was promoted to the See also:rank of See also:lieutenant. After serving in the " See also:Thetis " See also:frigate in the Mediterranean and on the See also:coast of See also:South See also:America, under the command of See also:Sir See also:John See also:Phillimore and See also:Captain See also:Bingham, he was in See also:August 1828 appointed to the " See also:Ganges,"as See also:flag-lieutenant to See also:Rear-Admiral Sir Robert See also:Otway, the See also:commander-in-See also:chief on the South See also:American station; and on the See also:death of Commander See also:Stokes of the " Beagle," on the 13th of See also:November 1828, was promoted to the vacant command. The " Beagle," a small brig of about 240 tons, was then, and had been for the two previous years, employed on the survey of the coasts of See also:Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, under the orders of Commander See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King in the " See also:Adventure," and, together with the " Adventure," returned to See also:England in the autumn of 183o. Fitzroy had brought See also:home with him four Fuegians, one of whom died of smallpox a few See also:weeks after arriving in England; to the others he endeavoured, with but slight success, to impart a rudimentary knowledge of See also:religion and of some useful handicrafts; and, as he had pledged himself to restore them to their native See also:country, he was making preparations in the summer of the following See also:year to carry them back in a See also:merchant See also:ship See also:bound to See also:Valparaiso, when he received his reappointment to the " Beagle," to continue the survey of the same See also:wild coasts. The " Beagle " sailed from See also:Plymouth on the 27th of See also:December 1831, carrying as a supernumerary See also:Charles See also:Darwin, the afterwards famous naturalist. After an See also:absence of nearly five years, and having, in addition to the survey of the Straits of See also:Magellan and a See also:great See also:part of the coast of South America, run a chronometric See also:line See also:round the See also:world, thus fixing the See also:longitude of many secondary meridians with sufficient exactness for all the purposes of See also:ordinary See also:navigation, the " Beagle " anchored at See also:Falmouth on the 2nd of October 1836. In 1835 Fitzroy had been advanced to the rank of captain and was now for the next few years principally employed in reducing and discussing his numerous observations. In 1837 he was awarded the See also:gold See also:medal of the Royal See also:Geographical Society; and in 1839 he published, in two thick 8vo volumes, the narrative of the voyage of the " Adventure " and " Beagle," 1826-183o, and of the " Beagle," 1831-1836, with a third See also:volume by Darwin —a See also:book familiarly known as a See also:record of scientific travel. Of Fitzroy's See also:work as a surveyor, carried on under circumstances of great difficulty, with scanty means, and with an outfit that was semi-officially denounced as " shabby," Sir See also:Francis See also:Beaufort, the Hydrographer to the See also:Admiralty, wrote, in a See also:report to the See also:House of See also:Commons, loth of See also:February 1848, that " from the See also:equator to Cape See also:Horn, and from thence round to the See also:river See also:Plata on the eastern side of America, all that is immediately wanted has been already achieved by the splendid survey of Captain Robert Fitzroy." This was written before steamships made the Straits of Magellan a high-road to the Pacific. The survey that was sufficient then became afterwards very far from sufficient.
In 1841 Fitzroy unsuccessfully contested the See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of See also:Ipswich, and in the following year was returned to See also:parliament as member for See also:Durham. About the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he accepted the See also:post of See also:conservator of the See also:Mersey, and in his See also:double capacity obtained leave to bring in a See also:bill for improving the See also:condition and efficiency of See also:officers in the See also:mercantile marine. This was not proceeded with at the time, but gave rise to the " voluntary certificate " instituted by the See also:Board of See also:Trade in 1845, and furnished some important clauses to the Mercantile Marine See also:Act of 1850.
See also:Early in 1843 Fitzroy was appointed See also:governor and commanderin-chief of New See also:Zealand, then recently established as a See also:colony. He arrived in his See also:government in December, whilst the excitement about the Wairau See also:massacre was still fresh, and the questions See also:relating to the See also:purchase of See also:land from the natives were in a very unsatisfactory See also:state. The early settlers were greedy and unscrupulous; Fitzroy, on the other See also:hand, had made no See also:secret of his partiality for the See also:aborigines. Between such discordant elements agreement was impossible: the settlers insulted the governor; the governor did not conciliate the settlers, who denounced his policy as adverse to their interests, as unjust and illegal; colonial feeling against him ran very high; See also:petition after petition for his recall was sent home, and the government was compelled to yield to the pressure brought to See also:bear on it. Fitzroy was relieved by Sir See also:George See also:Grey in November 1845.
In September 1848 he was appointed acting See also:superintendent
of the dockyard at See also:Woolwich, and in the following See also:March to the command of the " Arrogant," one of the early See also:- SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl
screw frigates which had been fitted out under his supervision, and with which it was desired to carry out a See also:series of experiments and trials. When these were finished he applied to be superseded, on See also:account at once of his See also:health and of his private affairs. In February 185o he was accordingly placed on See also:half-pay; nor did he ever serve again, although advanced in due course by seniority to the ranks of rear- and vice-admiral on the retired See also:list (1857, 1863). In 1851 he was elected a See also:fellow of the Royal Society, and in 18J4, after serving for a few months as private secretary to his See also:uncle, See also:Lord See also:Hardinge, then commander-in-chief of the See also:army, he was appointed to the meteorological See also:department of the Board of Trade, with, in the first instance, the See also:peculiar See also:title of " Meteorological Statist."
From the date of his joining the " Beagle " in 1828 he had paid very great See also:attention to the different phenomena foreboding or accompanying See also:change of See also:weather, and his narratives of the voyages of the " Adventure " and " Beagle " are full of interesting and valuable details concerning these. Accordingly, when in 1854 Lord Wrottesley, the See also:president of the Royal Society, was asked by the Board of Trade to recommend a chief for its newly forming meteorological department, he, almost without hesitation, nominated Fitzroy, whose name and career became from that time identified with the progress of See also:practical See also:meteorology. His Weather Book, published in 1863, embodies in broad outline his views, far in advance of those then generally held; and in spite of the rapid march of See also:modern See also:science, it is still worthy of careful attention and exact study. His See also:storm warnings, in their origin, indeed, liable to a See also:charge of See also:empiricism, were gradually See also:developed on a more scientific basis, and gave a high percentage of correct results. They were continued for eighteen months after his death by the assistants he had trained, and though stopped when the department was transferred to the management of a See also:committee of the Royal Society, they were resumed a few months afterwards; and under the successive direction of Dr R. H. See also:Scott and Dr W. N. See also:Shaw, have been developed into what we now know them. But though it is perhaps by these storm warnings that Fitzroy's name has been most generally known, seafaring men owe him a deeper See also:debt of gratitude, not only for his labours in reducing to a more practical See also:form the somewhat complicated See also:wind charts of Captain See also:Maury, but also for his great exertions in connexion with the See also:life-See also:boat association. Into this work, in its many ramifications, he threw himself with the See also:energy of an excitable temperament, already strained by his See also:long and anxious service in the Straits of Magellan. His last years were fully and to an excessive degree occupied by it; his health, both of See also:body and mind, threatened to give way; but he refused to take the See also:rest that was prescribed. In a See also:fit of See also:mental See also:aberration he put an end to his existence on the 3oth of See also:April 1865.
Besides his See also:works already named mention may be made of Remarks on New Zealand (1846) ; Sailing Directions for South America (1848) ; his See also:official reports to the Board of Trade (1857–1865) ; and occasional papers in the See also:journal of the Royal Geographical Society and of the Royal See also:United Service Institution. (J. K.
End of Article: FITZROY, ROBERT (1805-1865)
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