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See also:LEBER, See also:JEAN See also:MICHEL See also:CONSTANT (178o-1859) , See also:French historian and bibliophile, was See also:born at See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans on the 8th of May 1780. His first See also:work was a poem on See also:Joan of Arc (1804); but he wrote at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time a Grammaire See also:general synthetique, which attracted the See also:attention of J. M. de Gerando, then secretary-general to the See also:ministry of the interior. The latter found him a See also:minor See also:post in his See also:department, which See also:left him leisure for his See also:historical work. He even took him to See also:Italy when See also:Napoleon was trying to organize, after French See also:models, the See also:Roman states which he had taken from the See also:pope in 1809. Leber however did not stay there See also:long, for he considered the attacks on the temporal See also:property of the See also:Holy See to be sacrilegious. On his return to See also:Paris he resumed his administrative work, See also:literary recreations and historical researches. While spending a See also:part of his time See also:writing vaudevilles and comic operas, he began to collect old essays and rare See also:pamphlets by old French historians. His See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office was preserved to him by the Restoration, and Leber put his literary gifts at the service of the See also:government. When the question of the See also:coronation of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVIII. arose, he wrote, as an See also:answer to See also:Volney, a See also:minute See also:treatise on the Ceremonies du sacre, which was published at the time of the coronation of See also:Charles X. To-wards the end of See also:Villele's ministry, when there was a See also:movement of public See also:opinion in favour of extending municipal liberties, he undertook the See also:defence of the threatened See also:system of centralization, and composed, in answer to See also:Raynouard, an Histoire critique du pouvoir municipal depuis l'origine de la monarchie jusqu'd nos jours (1828). He also wrote a treatise entitled De l'etat See also:reel de la presse et See also:des pamphlets depuis See also:Francois Pr jusqu'd Louis XIV (1834), in which he refuted an empty See also:paradox of Charles See also:Nodier, who had tried to prove that the See also:press had never been, and could never be, so See also:free as under the See also:Grand Monarch. A few years later, Leber retired (1839), and sold to the library of See also:Rouen the See also:rich collection of books which he had amassed during See also:thirty years of See also:research. The See also:catalogue he made himself (4 vols., 1839 to 1852). In 184o he read at the See also:Academic des See also:Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres two See also:dissertations, an " Essai sur 1'appreciation de la See also:fortune privee au moyen See also:age," followed by an " Examen critique des tables de prix du marc d'argent depuis 1'epoque de See also:Saint Louis "; these essays were included by the See also:Academy in its Recueil de memoires presentes See also:par See also:divers savants (vol. i., 1844), and were also revised and published by Leber (1847). They See also:form his most considerable work, and assure him a position of See also:eminence in the economic See also:history of See also:France. He also rendered See also:good service to historians by the publication of his Collection des meilleures dissertations, notices et traites relatifs d l'histoire de France (20 vols., 1826–184o); in the See also:absence of
an See also:index, since Leber did not give one, an See also:analytical table ofcontents is to be found in See also:Alfred See also:Franklin's See also:Sources de l'histoire de France (1876, pp. 342 sqq.). In consequence of the revolution of 1848, Leber decided to leave Paris. He retired to his native See also:town, and spent his last years in See also:collecting old engravings. He died at Orleans on the 22nd of See also:December 1859.
In 1832 he had been elected as a member of the Societe des Antiquaires de France, and in the Bulletin of this society (vol. i., 186o) is to be found the most correct and detailed See also:account of his See also:life's See also:works.
End of Article: LEBER, JEAN MICHEL CONSTANT (178o-1859)
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