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MARTENS

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 786 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MARTENS , FRED$RIC FROMMHOLD DE (1845-1909), See also:

Russian jurist, was See also:born at See also:Pernau in See also:Livonia. In 1868 he entered the Russian See also:ministry of See also:foreign affairs, was admitted in 1871 as a Dozent in See also:international See also:law in the university of St See also:Petersburg, and in 1871 became lecturer and then (1872) See also:professor of public law in the Imperial School of Law and the Imperial See also:Alexander See also:Lyceum. In 1874 when See also:Prince See also:Gorchakov, then imperial See also:chancellor, needed assistance for certain kinds ofspecial See also:work, Martens was chosen to afford it. His See also:book on The Right of Private See also:Property in See also:War. had appeared in 1869, and had been followed in 1873 by that upon The See also:Office of See also:Consul and Consular See also:Jurisdiction in the See also:East, which had been translated into See also:German and republished at See also:Berlin. These were the first of a See also:long See also:series of studies which won for their author a See also:world-wide reputation, and raised the See also:character of the Russian school of international See also:jurisprudence in all civilized countries. First amongst them must be placed the See also:great Recueil See also:des traites et conventions conclus See also:par la Russie avec See also:les puissances etrangeres (13 vols., 1874-1902). This collection, published in Russian and See also:French in parallel columns, contains not only the texts of the See also:treaties but valuable introductions dealing with the See also:diplomatic conditions of which the treaties were the outcome. These introductions are based largely on unpublished documents from the Russian archives. Of Martens' See also:original See also:works his Inter-See also:national Law of Civilized Nations is perhaps the best known; it was written in Russian, a German edition appearing in 1884-1885, and a French edition in 1887-1888. It displays much See also:judgment and acumen, though some of the doctrines which it defends by no means command universal assent. More openly " tendencious " in character are such See also:treatises as See also:Russia and See also:England in Central See also:Asia (1879); Russia's Conflict with See also:China (1881), The See also:Egyptian Question (1882), and The See also:African See also:Conference of Berlin and the Colonial Policy of See also:Modern States (1887). In the delicate questions raised in some of these works Martens stated his See also:case with learning and ability, even when it was obvious that he was arguing as a See also:special pleader.

Martens was repeatedly chosen to See also:

act in international arbitrations. Among the controversies which he helped to adjust were that between See also:Mexico and the See also:United States—the first case determined by the permanent tribunal of The See also:Hague—and the difference between Great See also:Britain and See also:France in regard to See also:Newfoundland in 1891. He played an important See also:part in the negotiations between his own See also:country and See also:Japan, which led to the See also:peace of See also:Portsmouth (Aug. 1905) and prepared the way for the Russo-See also:Japanese See also:convention. He was employed in laying the See also:foundations for The Hague Conferences. He was one of the Russian plenipotentiaries at the first conference and See also:president of the See also:fourth See also:committee—that on maritime law—at the second conference. His visits to the See also:chief capitals of See also:Europe in the See also:early part of 1907 were an important preliminary in the preparation of the See also:programme. He was See also:judge of the Russian supreme See also:prize See also:court established to determine cases arising during the war with Japan. He received honorary degrees from the See also:universities of See also:Oxford, See also:Cambridge and Yale; he was also awarded the See also:Nobel Peace Prize in 1902. In See also:April 1907 he addressed a remarkable See also:letter to The Times on the position of the second Duma, in which he argued that the best remedy for the ills of Russia would be the See also:dissolution of that See also:assembly and the See also:election of another on a narrower See also:franchise. He died suddenly on the 2oth of See also:June 1909. See T.

E. See also:

Holland, in See also:Journal of the Society of See also:Comparative Legislation for See also:October 1909, where a See also:list of the writings of Martens appears.

End of Article: MARTENS

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