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MARTYROLOGY

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 807 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MARTYROLOGY , a See also:

catalogue or See also:list of martyrs, or more (Or!. See also:Fur. See also:xxxvii. 8). He received his See also:education at See also:Florence, exactly, of See also:saints, arranged in the See also:order of their anniversaries. where he obtained the patronage of Lorenzo 'de' See also:Medici. He was This is the now accepted meaning in the Latin See also:Church. In the the author of epigrams and hymni naturales, in which he happily See also:Greek Church the nearest See also:equivalent to the martyrology is the imitated See also:Lucretius. He took no See also:part in the See also:work of See also:translation, See also:Synaxarium (q.v.). As regards See also:form, we should distinguish then the favourite exercise of scholars, but he was understood between See also:simple martyrologies, which consist merely of an to be planning some See also:great work when he was drowned, on the enumeration of names, and See also:historical martyrologies, which also loth of See also:April 1500, in the See also:river Cecina near See also:Volterra. He was a include stories or See also:biographical details. As regards documents, See also:bitter enemy of See also:Politian, whose successful See also:rival he had been in the the most important distinction is between See also:local and See also:general affections of the beautiful and learned Alessandra Scala. He is martyrologies. The former give a list of the festivals of some remembered chiefly for the brilliant emendations on Lucretius particular Church; the latter are the result of a See also:combination of which he See also:left unpublished; these were used for the Juntine several local martyrologies.

We may add certain compilations edition (See also:

Munro's Lucretius, Introduction). of a factitious See also:character, to which the name of martyrology is The See also:hymns, some of the epigrams, and a fragment, De Principum given by See also:analogy, e.g. the Martyrologe universel of See also:Chatelain institutione, were reprinted in See also:Paris by C. M. Sathas in Docu-(17o9). As types of local martyrologies we may quote that of ments inedits relatifs a l'histoire de la Grece au moyen dge, vol. vii. See also:Rome, formed from the Depositio martyrum and the Depositio (1888)• episcoporum of the See also:chronograph of 354; the See also:Gothic See also:calendar of MARUM, See also:MARTIN See also:VAN (1750—1837), Dutch See also:man of See also:science, Ulfila's See also:Bible, the calendar of See also:Carthage published by See also:Mabillon, was See also:born on the loth of See also:March 1750 at See also:Groningen, where he the calendar of fasts and vigils of the Church of See also:Tours, going graduated in See also:medicine and See also:philosophy. He began to practise back as far as See also:Bishop Perpetuus (d. 490), and preserved in the medicine at See also:Haarlem, but devoted himself mainly to lecturing Historia francorum (xi. 31) of See also:Gregory of Tours. The See also:Syriac on See also:physical subjects. He became secretary of the scientific martyrology discovered by See also:Wright (See also:Journal of Sacred Literature, society of that See also:city, and under his management the society was 1866) gives the See also:idea of a general martyrology. The most advanced to the position of one of the most noted in See also:Europe. important See also:ancient martyrology preserved to the See also:present See also:day is He was also entrusted with the care of the collection left to the compilation falsely attributed to St See also:Jerome, which in its Haarlem by P.

Teyler van der Hulst (1702—1778). His name present form goes back to the end of the 6th See also:

century. It is the is not associated with any See also:discovery of the first order, but his result of the combination of a general martyrology of the Eastern researches (especially in connexion with See also:electricity) were remark-Churches, a local martyrology of the Church of Rome, some able for their number and variety. He died at Haarlem on the general martyrologies of See also:Italy and See also:Africa, and a See also:series of local 26th of See also:December 1837. martyrologies of See also:Gaul. The task of critics is to distinguish MARUTS, in See also:Hindu See also:mythology, See also:storm-gods. Their See also:numbers between its various constituent elements. Unfortunately, this vary in the different scriptures, usually thrice seven or thrice document has reached us in a lamentable See also:condition. The proper sixty. In the Vedas they are called the sons of See also:Rudra. They names are distorted, repeated or misplaced, and in many places are the companions of See also:Indra, and associated with him in the the See also:text is so corrupt that it is impossible to understand it. wielding of thunderbolts, sometimes as his equals, sometimes With the exception of a few traces of borrowings from the as his servants. They are armed with See also:golden weapons and Passions of the martyrs, the compilation is in the form of a lightnings.

They split drought (Vritra) and bring See also:

rain, and simple martyrology. Of the best-known historical martyrologies cause earthquakes. Various myths surround their See also:birth. A the See also:oldest are those which go under the name of See also:Bede and of derivative word, Maruti or Maroti, is the popular name through-See also:Florus (Acta sanctorum Martii, vol. ii.); of Wandelbert, a out the See also:Deccan for See also:Hanuman (q.v.). See also:monk of Priim (842); of Rhabanus Maurus (c. 845); of See also:Ado MARVELL, See also:ANDREW (1621—1678), See also:English poet and satirist, (d. 875); of See also:Notker (896); and of Wolfhard (c. 896 v. Analecta son of Andrew Marvell and his wife See also:Anne See also:Pease, was born at the bollandiana, xvii. I1). The most famous is that of Usuard rectory See also:house, Winestead, in the Holderness See also:division of See also:York-(c. 875), on which the See also:Roman martyrology was based.

The first See also:

shire, on the 31st of March 1621. In 1624 his See also:father exchanged edition of the Roman martyrology appeared at Rome in 1583. the living of Winestead for the mastership of See also:Hull See also:grammar The third edition, which appeared in 1584, was approved by I school. He also became lecturer at See also:Holy Trinity Church and See also:master of the See also:Charterhouse in the same See also:town. See also:Thomas See also:Fuller (Worthies of See also:England, ed. 1811, i. 165) describes him as "a most excellent preacher." The younger Marvell was educated at Hull grammar school until his thirteenth See also:year, when he matriculated on the 14th of December 1633 (according to a doubtful statement in See also:Wood's Athen. oxon.) at Trinity See also:College, See also:Cambridge. It is related by his See also:early biographer, Thomas See also:Cooke, that he was induced by some Jesuit priests to leave the university. After some months he was discovered by his father in a bookseller's See also:shop in See also:London, and returned to Cambridge.) He contributed two poems to the Musa cantabrigiensis in 1637, and in the following year he received a scholarship at Trinity College, and took his B.A. degree in 1639. His father was drowned in 1640 while See also:crossing the See also:Humber in See also:company with the daughter of a Mrs See also:Skinner, almost certainly connected with the Cyriack Skinner to whom two of See also:Milton's sonnets are addressed. It is said that Mrs Skinner adopted Marvell and provided for him at her See also:death. The Conclusion See also:Book of Trinity College, Cambridge, registers the decision (See also:Sept. 24, 1641) that he with others should be excluded from further advantages from the college either because they were married, or did not attend their " days " or " acts." He travelled for four years on the See also:Continent, visiting See also:Holland, See also:France, Italy and See also:Spain.

In Rome he met See also:

Richard See also:Flecknoe, whom he satirized in the amusing verses on " Flecnoe, an English See also:priest at Rome." Although Marvell ranks as a great Puritan poet his sympathies were at first with See also:Charles I., and in the lines on " Tom May's Death " he found no words too strong to See also:express his scorn for the historian of the See also:Long See also:Parliament. He himself was no See also:partisan, but had a See also:passion for See also:law and order. He acquiesced, accordingly, in the strong See also:rule of See also:Cromwell, but in his famous " Horatian See also:Ode upon Cromwell's Return from See also:Ireland " (165o)2 he inserts a See also:tribute to the courage and dignity of Charles I., which forms the best-known See also:section of the poem. In 165o he became See also:tutor to See also:Lord See also:Fairfax's daughter See also:Mary, afterwards duchess of Bucking-See also:ham, then in her twelfth year. During his See also:life with the See also:Fair-faxes at Nunappleton, See also:Yorkshire, he wrote the poems " Upon the See also:Hill and See also:Grove at Billborow " and " On See also:Appleton House." Doubtless the other poems on See also:country life, and his exquisite " See also:garden See also:poetry " may be referred to this See also:period. " Clorinda and See also:Damon " and " The Nymph complaining for the Death of her Faun " are See also:good examples of the beauty and simplicity of much of this early See also:verse. But he had See also:affinities with See also:John See also:Donne and the metaphysical poets, and could be obscure on occasion. Marvell was acquainted with Milton probably through their See also:common See also:friends, the Skinners, and in See also:February 1653 Milton sent him with a See also:letter to the lord See also:president of the See also:council, John See also:Bradshaw, recommending him as " a man of singular See also:desert for the See also:state to make use of," and suggesting his See also:appointment as assistant to himself in his duties as See also:foreign secretary. The appointment was, however, given at the See also:time to See also:Philip Meadows, and Marvell became tutor to Cromwell's See also:ward, See also:William Dutton. In 1653 he was established with his See also:pupil at See also:Eton in the house of John Oxenbridge, then a See also:fellow of the college, but formerly a See also:minister in the See also:Bermudas. No doubt the well-known verses, " Bermudas," were inspired by intercourse with the Oxenbridges. At Eton he enjoyed the society of John See also:Hales, then living in retirement.

He was employed by Milton in 1654 to convey to Bradshaw a copy of the Defensio secunda, and the letter to Milton in which he describes the reception of the See also:

gift is preserved. When the secretaryship again See also:fell vacant in 1657 Marvell was appointed, and retained the appointment until the See also:accession of Charles II. During this period he wrote many See also:political poems, ' There is an allusion to this escapade addressed by another anxious See also:parent to the See also:elder Marvell in the Hull See also:Corporation Records (No. 498) [see See also:Grosart, i. See also:xxviii.]. The document is without address or See also:signature, but the See also:identification seems safe. 2 This poem has been highly praised by Goldwin See also:Smith (T. H. Ward's English Poets, ii. 383 (1880)). It was first printed, so far as we know, in 1776, and the only See also:external testimony to Marvell's authorship is the statement of See also:Captain See also:Thompson, who had included many poems by other writers in his edition of Marvell, that this ode was in poet's own See also:handwriting. The See also:internal See also:evidence in favour of Marvell may, however, be accepted as conclusive.all of them displaying admiration for Cromwell. His " Poem upon the Death of his See also:late See also:Highness the Lord See also:Protector " has been unfavourably compared to See also:Edmund See also:Waller's " See also:Panegyric," but Marvell's poem is inspired with See also:affection.

Marvell's connexion with Hull had been strengthened by the marriages of his sisters with persons of local importance, and in See also:

January 1659 he was elected to represent the See also:borough in parliament. He was re-elected in 1660, again in 1661, and continued to represent the town until his death. According to Milton's See also:nephew, See also:Edward See also:Phillips, the poet owed his safety at the Restoration largely to the efforts of Marvell, who " made a considerable party for him " in the House of See also:Commons. From 1663 to 1665 he acted as secretary to Charles See also:Howard, 1st See also:earl of See also:Carlisle, on his difficult and unsuccessful See also:embassy to Muscovy, See also:Sweden, and See also:Denmark; and this is the only See also:official See also:post he filled during the reign of Charles. With the exception of this See also:absence, for which he had leave from his constituents, and of shorter intervals of travel on private business which took him to Holland, Marvell was See also:constant in his See also:parliamentary attendance to the day of his death. He seldom spoke in the House, but his parliamentary See also:influence is established by other evidence. He was an excellent man of affairs, and looked after the See also:special interests of the See also:port of Hull. He was a member of the corporation of Tranity House, both in London and Hull, and became a younger See also:warden of the London Trinity House. His See also:correspondence with his constituents, from 166o to 1678, some 400 letters in all, printed by Dr Grosart (See also:Complete See also:Works, vol. ii.), forms a source of See also:information all the more valuable because by a See also:resolution passed at the Restoration the publication of the proceedings of the House without leave was forbidden. He made it a point of See also:duty to write at each post—that is, every two or three days—both on local interests and on all matters of public See also:interest. The discreet reserve of these letters, natural at a time when the post See also:office was a favourite source of information to the See also:government, contrasts curiously with the freedom of the few private letters which state opinions as well as facts. Marvell's constituents, in their turn, were not unmindful of their member.

He makes frequent references to their presents, usually of Hull See also:

ale and of See also:salmon, and he regularly See also:drew from them the See also:wages of a member, six-and-eightpence a day during session. The development of Marvell's political opinions may be traced in the satirical verse he published during the reign of Charles II., and in his private letters. With all his admiration for Cromwell he had retained his sympathies with the royal house, and had loyally accepted the Restoration. In 1667 the Dutch See also:fleet sailed up the See also:Thames, and Marvell expressed his wrath at the See also:gross mismanagement of public affairs in " Last Instructions to a Painter," a See also:satire which was published as a See also:broadside and of course remained See also:anonymous. Edmund Waller had published in 1665 a gratulatory poem on the See also:duke of York's victory in that year over the Dutch as " Instructions to a Painter for the See also:drawing up and posture of his See also:Majesty's forces at See also:sea. . ." A similar form was adopted in See also:Sir John See also:Denham's four satirical " Directions to a Painter," and Marvell writes on the same See also:model. His indignation was well grounded, but he had no scruples in the choice of the weapons he employed in his warfare against the corruption of the See also:court, which he paints even blacker than do contemporary memoir writers; and his satire often descends to the level of the See also:lampoon. The most inexcusable of his scandalous verses are perhaps those on the duchess of York. In the same year he attacked Lord See also:Clarendon, evidently hoping that with the removal of the " betrayer of England and See also:Flanders " matters would improve. But in 1672 when he wrote his " Poem on the Statue in the See also:Stocks-See also:Market " he had no illusions left about Charles, whom he describes as too often " See also:purchased and sold," though he concludes with " Yet we'd rather have him than his bigoted See also:brother." " An Historical Poem," " See also:Advice to a Painter," and " Britannia and See also:Raleigh " urge the same advice in See also:grave See also:language. In the last-named poem, probably written early in 1674, Raleigh pleads that "'tis See also:god-like good to See also:save a fallen See also:king," but Britannia has at length decided that the See also:tyrant cannot be divided from the See also:Stuart, and proposes to reform the state on the republican model of See also:Venice. These and other equally bold satires were probably handed See also:round in MS., or secretly printed, and it was not until after the Revolution that they were collected with those of other writers in Poems on Affairs of State (3 pts., 1689; 4 pts., 1703-1707).

Marvell's controversial See also:

prose writings are wittier than his verse satires, and are See also:free from the scurrility which defaces the " Last Instructions to a Painter." A See also:short and brilliant example of his See also:irony is " His Majesty's Most Gracious Speech to both Houses of Parliament "(printed in Grosart, ii. 431 seq.),in which Charles is made to take the house into the friendliest confidence on his domestic affairs. Marvell was among the masters of See also:Jonathan See also:Swift, who, in the " See also:Apology " prefixed to the See also:Tale of a Tub, wrote that his See also:answer to See also:Samuel See also:Parker could be still read with See also:pleasure, although the See also:pamphlets that provoked it were long since forgotten. Parker had written a Discourse of Ecclesiastical Politye (1670) and other polemics against Dissenters, to which Marvell replied in The See also:Rehearsal Transposed (2 pts., 1672 and 1673). The book contains some passages of dignified eloquence, and some coarse vituperation, but the prevailing See also:tone is that of grave and ironical banter of Parker as " Mr See also:Hayes." Parker was attacked, says Bishop See also:Burnet (Hist. of His Own Time, ed. 1823, 1. 451), " by the liveliest droll of the See also:age, who See also:writ in a See also:burlesque See also:strain, but with so See also:peculiar and entertaining a conduct, that, from the king down to the tradesman, his books were read with great pleasure." He certainly humbled Parker, but whether this effect extended, as Burnet asserts, to the whole party, is doubtful. Parker had intimated that Milton had a See also:share in the first part of Marvell's reply. This Marvell emphatically denied (Grosart, iii. 498). He points out that Parker had, like Milton, profited by the royal clemency, and that he had first met him at Milton's house. He takes the opportunity to praise Milton's " great learning and sharpness of wit," and to the second edition of See also:Paradise Lost (1674) he contributed some verses of just and eloquent praise.

His Mr See also:

Smirke, or the Divine in Mode'... (1676) was a See also:defence of See also:Herbert See also:Croft, bishop of See also:Hereford, against the criticisms of Dr See also:Francis See also:Turner, master of St John's College, Cambridge. A far more important work was An See also:Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government in England, more particularly from the Long See also:Prorogation of Parliament . . . (1677). This pamphlet was written in the same outspoken tone as the verse satires, and brought against the court the See also:indictment of See also:nursing designs to establish See also:absolute See also:monarchy and the Roman See also:Catholic See also:religion at the same time. A See also:reward. was offered for the author, whose identity was evidently suspected, and it is said that Marvell was in danger of assassination. He died on the 16th of See also:August 1678 in consequence of an overdose of an opiate taken during an attack of See also:ague. He was buried in the church of St See also:Giles-in-the See also:Fields, London. See also:Joint See also:administration of his See also:estate was granted to one of his creditors, and to his widow, Mary Marvell, of whom we have no previous mention. As a humorist, and as a great " parliament man," no name is of more interest to a student of the reign of Charles II. than that of Marvell. He had friends among the republican thinkers of the times.

See also:

Aubrey says that he was intimate with See also:James See also:Harrington, the author of Oceana, and he was probably a member of the " See also:Rota " See also:club. In the heyday of political See also:infamy, he, a needy man, obliged to accept wages from his constituents, kept his political virtue unspotted, and he stood throughout his career as the See also:champion of moderate and tolerant See also:measures. There is a See also:story that his old schoolfellow, See also:Danby, Was sent by the king to offer the incorruptible poet a See also:place at court and a gift of £See also:i000, which Marvell refused with the words: " I live here to serve my constituents: the See also:ministry may seek men for their purpose; I am not one." When self-See also:indulgence was the See also:ordinary See also:habit of town life, Marvell was a temperate man. His See also:personal See also:appearance is described by John Aubrey: " He was of a middling stature, See also:pretty strong set, roundish faced, See also:cherry cheeked, See also:hazel eyed, See also:brown haired. In his conversation he was modest and of very few words.' (" Lives of Eminent Persons," printed in Letters ....in the 17th and 18th Centuries, 1813). Among Marvell's works is also a Defence of John See also:Howe on God's Prescience . (1678), and among the See also:spurious works fathered on him are: A Seasonable See also:Argument . for a new Parliament (1677), A Seasonable Question and a Useful Answer . (1676), A Letter from a Parliament Man . . . (1675), and a translation of Suetonius (1672). Marvell's satires were no doubt first printed as broadsides, but very few are still extant in that form. Such of his poems as were printed during his lifetime appeared in collections of other men's works.

The earliest edition of his non-political verse is See also:

Miscellaneous Poems (1681), edited by his wife, Mary Marvell. The political satires were printed as A Collection of Poems on Affairs of State, by A— M 1, Esq. and other Eminent Wits (1689), with second and third parts in the same year. The works of Andrew Marvell contained in these two publications were also edited by Thomas Cooke (2 vols., 1726), who added some letters. Cooke's edition was reprinted by Thomas See also:Davies in 1772. Marvell's next editor was Captain Thompson of Hull, who was connected with the poet's See also:family, and made further additions from a See also:commonplace book since lost. Other See also:editions followed, but were superseded by Dr A. B. Grosart's laborious work, which, in spite of many defects of See also:style, remains indispensable to the student. The Complete Works in Verse and Prose of Andrew Marvell, M.P. (4 vols., 1872–1875) forms part of his " Fuller Worthies Library." See also the admirable edition of the Poems and Satires of Andrew Marvell. . . (2 vols., 1892) in the " See also:Muses' Library," where a full bibliography of his works and of the commentaries on them is provided ; also The Poems and some Satires of Andrew Marvell (ed.

Edward Wright, 1904), and Andrew Marvell (1905), by See also:

Augustine See also:Birrell in the " English Men of Letters " series.

End of Article: MARTYROLOGY

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MARX, HEINRICH KARL (1818-1883)

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