|
GRONINGEN , a See also:town of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, See also:capital of the See also:province of the same name, at the confluence of the two canalized See also:rivers the Drentsche Aa and the Hunse (which are continued to the Lauwers Zee as the Reit Diep), 16 m. N. of See also:Assen and 33 M. E. of See also:Leeuwarden by See also:rail. Pop. (1900) 67,563. Groningen is the centre from which several important canals radiate. Besides the Reit Diep, there are the See also:Ems See also:Canal and the Damster Diep, connecting it with Delfzyl and the Dollart, the Kolonel's Diep with Leeuwarden, the See also:Nord Willem's Canal with Assen and the See also:south and the Stads-Canal south-See also:east with the Ems. Hence steamers ply in all directions, and there is a See also:regular service to See also:Emden and the See also:island of See also:Borkum via Delfzyl, and via the Lauwers Zee to the island of Schiermonnikoog. Groningen is the most important town in the See also:north of Holland, with its See also:fine shops and houses and wide clean streets, while See also:brick houses of the 16th and 17th centuries help it to retain a certain old-See also:world See also:air. The See also:ancient See also:part of the town is still surrounded by the former See also:moat, and in the centre lies a See also:group of open places, of which the Groote Markt is one of the largest See also:market-squares in Holland. Pleasant gardens and promenades extend on the north See also:side of the town, together with a botanical See also:garden. The See also:chief See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church is the See also:Martini-kerk, with a high See also:tower (432 ft.) dating from 1477, and an See also:organ constructed by the famous See also:scholar and musician See also:Rudolph Agricolo, who was See also:born near Groningen in 1443. The Aa church See also:dates from 1465, but was founded in 1253. The See also:Roman See also:Catholic Broederkerk (rebuilt at the end of the 19th See also:century) contains some remarkable pictures of the See also:Passion by L. Hendricx (1865). There is also a Jewish See also:synagogue. The large town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall (in classical See also:style), one of the finest public buildings, was built at the beginning of the loth century and'enlarged in 1873. The provincial See also:government offices also occupy a fine See also:building which received a splendid front in 1871. Other noteworthy buildings are the provincial museum of antiquities, containing interesting Germanic antiquities, as well as See also:medieval and See also:modern collections of See also:porcelain, pictures, &c.; the courts of See also:justice (transformed in the See also:middle of the 18th century); the old Ommelanderhuis, formerly devoted to the See also:administration of the surrounding See also:district, built in 15oq and restored in 1899; the weigh-See also:house (1874); the See also:civil and military See also:prison; the See also:arsenal; the military See also:hospital; and the See also:concert hall.
The university of Groningen, founded in 1614, received its See also:present fine buildings in classical style in 185o. Among its See also:auxiliary establishments are a See also:good natural See also:history museum, an See also:observatory, a laboratory, and a library which contains a copy of See also:Erasmus' New Testament with marginal annotations by See also:Luther. Other educational institutions are the See also:deaf anddumb institution founded by See also:Henri See also:Daniel See also:Guyot (d. 1828) in 1790, a gymnasium, and See also:schools of See also:navigation, See also:art and See also:music. There are learned See also:societies for the study of See also:law (1761) and natural See also:science (183o); an See also:academy of fine arts (1830); an archaeological society; and a central See also:bureau for See also:collecting See also:information concerning the province.
As capital of the province, and' on See also:account of the advantages of its natural position, Groningen maintains a very considerable See also:trade, chiefly in oil-See also:seed, See also:grain, See also:wood, See also:turf and See also:cattle, with See also:Great See also:Britain, See also:Germany, Scandinavia and See also:Russia. The chief See also:industries are See also:flax-See also:spinning, rope-making, See also:sugar refining, See also:book See also:printing, See also:wool combing and See also:dyeing, and it also manufactures See also:beer, See also:tobacco and cigars, See also:cotton and woollen stuffs, See also:furniture, See also:organs and pianos; besides which there are saw, oil and grain See also:mills, See also:machine See also:works, and numerous goldsmiths and silversmiths.
History.—The town of Groningen belonged originally to the pagus, or gouw, of Triantha (See also:Drente), the countship of which was bestowed by the See also:emperor See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. on the See also:bishop and See also:chapter of See also:Utrecht in 1024. In 1040 Henry III. gave the church of Utrecht the royal domain of Groningen, and in the See also:deed of See also:gift the " See also:villa Cruoninga " is mentioned. Upon this See also:charter the bishops of Utrecht based their claim to the overlordship of the town, a claim which the citizens hotly disputed. At the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the donation, indeed, the town can hardly be said to have existed, but the royal " villa " rapidly See also:developed into a community which strove to assert the rights of a See also:free imperial See also:city. At first the bishops were too strong for the townsmen; the defences built in 11 ro were pulled down by the bishop's See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order two years later; and during the 12th and 13th centuries the see of Utrecht, in spite of frequent revolts, succeeded in maintaining its authority. Down to the 15th century an episcopal See also:prefect, or See also:burgrave, had his seat in the city, his authority extending over the neighbouring districts known as the Gorecht. In 1143 Heribert of Bierum, bishop of Utrecht, converted the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office into an hereditary See also:fief in favour of his See also:brother Liffert, on the extinction of whose male See also:line it was partitioned between the families of Koevorden (or Coevorden) and See also:van den See also:Hove. Gradually, however, the burghers, aided by the neighbouring See also:Frisians, succeeded in freeing themselves from the episcopal yoke. The city was again walled in 1255; before 1284 it had become a member of the Hanseatic See also:league; and by the end of the 14th century it was practically a powerful See also:independent See also:republic, which exercised an effective See also:control over the Frisian Ommelande between the Ems and the Lauwers Zee. At the See also:close of the 14th century the heirs of the Koevorden and van den Hove families sold their rights, first to the town, and then to the bishop. A struggle followed, in which the city was temporarily worsted; but in 1440 Bishop See also:Dirk II. finally sold to the city the rights of the see of Utrecht over the Gorecht.
The medieval constitution of Groningen, unlike that of Utrecht, was aristocratic. See also:Merchant gild there was none; and the See also:craft See also:gilds were without See also:direct See also:influence on the city government, which held them in subjection. Membership of the governing See also:council, which selected from its own See also:body the four rationales or burgomasters, was confined to men of approved " See also:wisdom," and wisdom was measured in terms of See also:money. This Raad of wealthy burghers gradually monopolized all See also:power. The bishop's See also:bailiff (schout), with his nominated assessors (scabini), continued to exercise See also:jurisdiction, but members of the Raad sat on the See also:bench with him, and an See also:appeal See also:lay from his See also:court to the Raad itself. The council was, in fact, supreme in the city, and not in the city only. In 1439 it decreed that no one might trade in all the district between the Ems and the Lauwers Zee except burghers, and those who had See also:purchased the burwal (right of See also:residence in the city) and the freedom of the gilds. See also:Maximilian I. assigned Groningen to See also:Albert of See also:Saxony, hereditary podestat of See also:Friesland, but the citizens preferred to accept the See also:protection of the bishop of Utrecht; and when Albert's son See also:George attempted in 1505 to seize the town, they recognized the lordship of Edzart of East Frisia. On George's renewal of hostilities they transferred their See also:allegiance to See also:Duke See also:Charles of See also:Gelderland, in 1515. In 1536 the city passed into the
hands of Charles V., and in the great See also:wars of the 16th century suffered all the miseries of See also:siege and military occupation. From 1581 onwards, Groningen still held by the Spaniards, was constantly at See also:war with the " Ommelanden " which had declared against the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Spain. This See also:feud continued, in spite of the See also:capture of the city in 1594 by See also:Maurice of See also:Nassau, and of a See also:decree of the States in 1597 which was intended to set them at See also:rest. In 1672 the town was besieged by the bishop of See also:Munster, but it was successfully defended, and in 1698 its fortifications were improved under See also:Coehoorn's direction. The See also:French Republicans planted their See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree of See also:liberty in the Great Market on the 14th of See also:February 1795, and they continued in authority till the 16th of See also:November 1814. The fortifications of the city were doomed to destruction by the law of the 18th of See also:April 1874.
See C. See also:Hegel, Stddte and Gilden (See also:Leipzig, 1891); Stokvis, See also:Manuel d'histoire, iii. 496 (See also:Leiden, 1890—1893); also S.V. in See also:Chevalier, Repertoire See also:des See also:sources Kist. du moyen See also:age (Topo-bibliographie)." grom " in the 16th century took the See also:place of an older gome, a See also:common old See also:Teutonic word meaning " See also:man," and connected with the Latin homo. The Old See also:English word was brydguma, later bridegome. The word survives in the See also:German Brautigam.
End of Article: GRONINGEN
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!