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DRENTE , a See also:province of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, bounded N. and N.E. by See also:Groningen, S.E. by the Prussian province of See also:Hanover, S. and S.W. by See also:Overysel, and N.W. by See also:Friesland; See also:area, 1128 sq. m.; pop. (19o0) 149,551. The province of Drente is a sandy See also:plateau forming the See also:kernel of the surrounding provinces. The See also:soil consists almost entirely of See also:sand and See also:gravel, and is covered with See also:bleak moorland, patches of See also:wood, and fen. This is only varied by the See also:strip of fertile See also:clay and grass-See also:land which is found along the See also:banks of the See also:rivers, and by the areas of high fen in the See also:south-eastern corner and on the western See also:borders near See also:Assen. The See also:surface of the province is a See also:gentle slope from the south-See also:west towards the See also:north-See also:east, where it terminates in the See also:long See also:ridge of hills known as the Hondsrug (See also:Dog's Back) extending along the eastern border into Groningen. The See also:watershed of the province runs from east to west across the See also:middle of the province, along the See also:line of the See also:Orange See also:canal. The See also:southern streams are all collected at two points on the southern borders, namely, at See also:Meppel and Koevorden, whence they communicate with the Zwarte See also:Water and the Vecht respectively by means of the Meppeler Diep and the Koevorden canal. The Steenwyker Aa, however, enters the Zuider Zee independently. The See also:northern rivers all flow into Groningen. The piles of See also:granite rocks some-what in the shape of cromlechs which are found scattered about this province, and especially along the western edge of the Hondsrug, have long been named Hunebedden, from a popular superstition that they were " See also:Huns' beds." Possibly the word originally meant " beds of the dead," or tombs.
Two See also:industries have for centuries been associated with the barren heaths and sodden See also:fens so usually found together on the sand-grounds, namely, the cultivation of See also:buckwheat and See also:peat-digging. The See also:work is conducted on a See also:regular See also:system of fen colonization, the first operation being directed towards the drainage of the See also:country. This is effected by means of drainage canals cut at regular intervals and connected by means of See also:cross ditches. These draining ditches all have their issue in a See also:main drainage canal, along which the transport of the peat and peat-See also:litter takes See also:place and the houses of the colonists are built. The heathlands when sufficiently drained are prepared for cultivation by being cut into sods and burnt. This system appears to have been practised already at the end of the 17th See also:century. After eight years, however, the soil becomes exhausted, and twenty to See also:thirty years are required for its refertilization. The cultivation of buckwheat on these grounds has decreased, and large areas which were formerly thus treated now See also:lie See also:waste. Potatoes, See also:rye, oats, beans and peas are also largely cultivated. In connexion with the cultivation of potatoes, factories are established for making See also:spirits, See also:treacle, See also:potato-See also:meal, and See also:straw-See also:paper.
From See also:Alexander E. See also:Agassiz's Three Cruises of the "See also:Blake." By per-See also:mission of See also:Houghton, See also:Mifflin & Co.
Furthermore, See also:agriculture is everywhere accompanied on the sand-grounds by the rearing of See also:sheep and See also:cattle, which assist in fertilizing the soil. Owing to the meagreness of their See also:food these animals are usually thin and small, but are quickly restored when placed on richer grounds. The breeding of pigs is also widely practised on the sand-grounds, as well as See also:forest culture. Of the fen-colonies in Drente the best known are those of Frederiksoord and Veenhuizen.
Owing to the See also:general See also:condition of poverty which prevailed after the See also:French evacuation in the second See also:decade of the 19th century, See also:attention was turned to the means of See also:industry offered by the unreclaimed See also:heath-lands in the eastern provinces, and in 1818 the Society of Charity (Maatschappij See also:van Weldadigkeid) was formed with See also:Count van den See also:Bosch at its See also:head. This society began by establishing the See also:free agricultural See also:colony of Frederiksoord, about ro m. N. of Meppel, named after See also:Prince See also:Frederick, son of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William I., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of the See also:Netherlands. An industrious colonist could See also:purchase a small See also:farm on the See also:estate and make him-self See also:independent in two years. In addition to this, various industries were set on See also:foot for the benefit of those who were not capable of See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field work, such as See also:mat and rope making, and jute and See also:cotton See also:weaving. In later times forest culture was added, and the See also:Gerard Adriaan van Swieten See also:schools of forestry, agriculture and See also:horticulture were established by See also:Major van Sweiten in memory of his son. A Reformed and a See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church are also attached to the colony. To this colony the Society of Charity later added the adjoining colonies of Willemsoord and Kolonie VII. in Overysel, and Wilhelminasoord partly in Friesland. The colony of Veenhuizen lies about 7 M.
N.W. of Assen, and was founded by the same society in 1823. In 1859, however, the Veenhuizen estates were sold to the See also:government for the purpose of a penal See also:establishment for drunkards and beggars.
Owing to its See also:geographical See also:isolation, the development of Drente has remained behind that of every other province in the Nether-lands, and there are few centres of any importance, either agricultural or See also:industrial. Hence the See also:character and customs of the See also:people have remained peculiarly conservative. Assen is the See also:chief See also:town. In the south Meppel and Koevorden absorb, the largest amount of See also:trade. Hoogeveen, situated between these two, owes its origin to the fen reclamation which was begun here in 1625 by See also:Baron van Echten. In the following See also:year it was erected into a See also:barony which lasted till 1795. The See also:original industry has long since moved onwards to other parts, but the town remains a prosperous See also:market centre, and has a considerable industrial activity. Extensive See also:fir See also:woods have been laid out in the neighbourhood. Zuidlaren is a picturesque See also:village at the northern end of the Hondsrug, with an important market. The railway from See also:Amsterdam to Groningen traverses Drente; See also:branch lines connect Meppel with See also:Leeuwarden and Assen with Delfzyl.
See also:History.—The See also:early history of Drente is obscure. That it was inhabited at a remote date is proved by the prehistoric sepulchral mounds, the Hunebedden already mentioned. In the 5th and 6th centuries the country was overrun by Saxon tribes, and later on was governed by See also:counts under the Frankish and See also:German See also:kings. Of these only three are recorded, See also:Eberhard (943-944), See also:Balderic (,006) and Temmo (1025). In Io46 the See also:emperor See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III. gave the countship to the See also:bishop and See also:chapter of See also:Utrecht, who governed it through the See also:burgrave, or See also:chatelain, of Koevorden, a dignity which became hereditary after 1143 in the See also:family of See also:Ludolf or Roelof, See also:brother of Heribert of Bierum, bishop of Utrecht (1138-1150). This family became See also:extinct in the male line about 1232, and was succeeded by Henry I. of Borculo (1232-I261), who had married the heiress of Roelof III. of Koevorden. In 1395 Reinald IV. (d. 1410) of Borculo-Koevorden was deposed by Bishop Frederick of Utrecht, and the country was henceforth administered by an episcopal See also:official (amptman), who was, however, generally a native. With its popularly elected See also:assembly of twenty-four Etten (jurati) Drente remained practically independent. This See also:state of things continued till 1522, when it was conquered by See also:Duke See also:Charles of See also:Gelderland, from whom it was taken by the emperor Charles V. in 1536, and became See also:part of the See also:Habsburg dominions.
Drente took part in the revolt of the Netherlands, and being a See also:district covered by waste heath and See also:moor was, on See also:account of its poverty and sparse See also:population, not admitted into the See also:union as a See also:separate province, and it had no See also:voice in the assembly of the states-general. It was subdued by the Spaniards in I 58o, but reconquered by See also:Maurice of See also:Nassau in 1594. During the years that followed, Drente, though unrepresented in the states-general, retained its See also:local See also:independence and had its own See also:stadtholder. William See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis of Nassau-See also:Siegen (d. 1620) held that See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, and it was held later by Maurice, Frederick Henry, William II. and William III., princes of Orange. At the general assembly of 1651 Drente put forward its claim to See also:admission as a province, but was not admitted. After the deaths of William II. (1650) and of William III. (1702) Drente remained for a See also:term of years without a stadtholder, but in 1722 William Charles Henry of the See also:house of Nassau-Siegen, who, through the extinction of the See also:elder line, had become prince of Orange, was elected stadtholder. His descendants held that office, which was declared hereditary, until the French See also:conquest in 1795. In the following year Drente at length obtained the See also:privilege, which it had long sought, of being reckoned as an eighth province with See also:representation in the states-general. Between 1806 and 1813 Drente, with the See also:rest of the Netherlands, was incorporated in the French See also:empire, and, with part of Groningen, formed the See also:department of See also:Ems Occidental. With the See also:accession of William I. as king of the Netherlands it was restored to its old position as a province of the new See also:kingdom.
End of Article: DRENTE
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